| 1. |
- Berg, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Diligent and docile workers: descriptions of the working poor and the social order in the Lasebok for folkskolan, 1868-1920s
- 2023
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Ingår i: Paedagogica Historica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 59:1, s. 19-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The educational system in nineteenth-century Sweden was, as in many other industrialising states, segregated by social class. Children of the economically and politically marginalised classes were educated in basic primary subjects in the nationwide Folkskola (primary schools). From 1868 to the early 1940s, the government issued, subsidised, and distributed the Lasebok for folkskolan (Reader for Primary School; "the Reader"). Besides poems and songs, the Reader contained religious, fictitious, moral, and historical texts - all wrapped in an explicit nationalist discourse. However, it also contained images and ideologies about social class which have remained unexplored. The representations and social vernaculars in the Reader about how children of the working poor should identify and conduct themselves in order to grow up as functional members of a bourgeois society have been more or less overlooked. This paper deals with the images of the poor and marginalised in the Reader. We suggest not only that the Swedish state reproduced a class-based society through a segmented school system, but that the social descriptions in the book were aimed to produce diligent and docile workers to serve the political and economic interests of the dominant classes.
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| 2. |
- Buchardt, Mette, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental education projects and their data collection. Policy history on experiments with “children’s life questions” in welfare-state Sweden late 1960s to early 1970s
- 2023
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the twentieth century, an increasing amount of data was collected in connection with engineering of the modern states including their education systems. In the Nordic welfare states post WW2, such data were also generated in experimental projects aiming at reforming curriculum and education, and the data were accumulated either as documentation of the pedagogical experi-ments that took place or as a knowledge base paving the way for designing pedagogical experiments, or both. The article addresses the methodological challenges when analysing the archived data collected as part of experimental projects concerning children’s expressions of their “life questions” in Sweden following the big school reforms in the 1960s and continued in altogether six projects conducted from the late 1960s and up until the late 1990s. Based on the case of the UMRe (1969-1973), the first archived experimental project that was closely related to the 1960s education politics and education reforms, the article sheds light on the following ques-tions: how should one understand such classroom data historically? How should one understand the archived data in their political and institutional contexts? Whose voices are possibly speaking in the data about “children’s life questions?”
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| 3. |
- Burke, Catherine
(författare)
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The decorated school : Cross-disciplinary research in the history of art as integral to the design of educational environments
- 2013
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 49:6, s. 813-827
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports on the opening up of a new, rich seam of interdisciplinaryresearch that brings together historians of education with historians of art andarchitecture to examine the meaning and incidence of“The Decorated School”.It examines the origins of the idea of art as educator in the nineteenth centuryand discusses how ideas about the education of taste accompanied theestablishment of mass education in industrialised nations during the early part ofthe twentieth century. Some examples of Decorated Schools in Britain andEurope are discussed with reference to the nature of the international andinterdisciplinary interpretation made possible by the research network. Finally,some of the challenges of interdisciplinary research in this area are presented, aswell as rich opportunities for further exploration. The article concludes that inorder to come closer to a realisation of how pupils might have experienced TheDecorated School in the past, we need to incorporate histories of children’splay-worlds in our project.
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| 4. |
- Dugonjic, Leonora
(författare)
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"A Miniature League of Nations" : Inquiry into the Social Origins of the International School, 1924-1930
- 2014
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 50:1-2, s. 138-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, the International School of Geneva is known as the world’s oldest and largest private international school, having opened in 1924 under the name “International School”. Many schools have attempted to foster an international environment in a general sense; this school is the first to claim an inter-national identity with reference to a specific political ideology. In this article, I argue that neither student statistics, nor official discourse, nor the individual experience of consecrated School founders can account for this claim. After careful analysis of different forms of capital invested in the School, its founding no longer appears to be a simple response to a "need" or a "demand" but a complex process of social distinction.
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| 5. |
- Eren Aydinlik, Badegül, et al.
(författare)
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Between men, time and the state : education of girls during the Late Ottoman Empire (1859–1908)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 57:4, s. 400-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Women’s education becomes a prominent issue in the Ottoman Empire with the modern period, leading to the opening of the first modern public school for girls as a rüşdiyye (secondary) school. This article critically examines the curriculum of girls’ rüşdiyyes from their foundation in 1859 until the beginning of the Second Constitutional Period in 1908. The formation, development and content of the curriculum are investigated both in terms of social demands, and in comparison with the curriculum of boys’ rüşdiyyes. Curricula of girls and boys, women’s magazines and magazines on education of the selected period were analysed via document review. As a historical case study evaluation, this study employs descriptive analyses to obtain and interpret results. We argue that women’s education is perceived as a way of raising a moral generation, as well as keeping the family institution alive. When compared to boys’, there are fewer courses and more simplified content in girls’ curriculum. Although this gap closes in time, these curricula are still different regarding two aspects: domestic courses always exist, and religious content increases in girls’ curriculum throughout this period. Accordingly, women are prioritised in social discipline and their disciplinisation is seen as a priority.
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| 6. |
- Eren Aydinlik, Badegül
(författare)
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(Re)shaping Ottoman women : the construction of female subjectivities through educational discourse in women’s magazines (1869–1908)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores how female subjectivities were constructed in the educational discourse in women’s magazines published in the Ottoman language from the first magazine that was published in 1869 until the promulgation of the Second Constitution Period in 1908 in the Ottoman Empire. The study draws on the concept of Occidentalism defined by Meltem Ahıska, as well as on Deniz Kandiyoti’s concept of patriarchal bargain. These concepts are used to identify and explain central tensions emerging in the Occidentalist fantasy in the educational discourse. I argue that, in the writings on women in women’s magazines of the late Ottoman period, we can see, first, the early traces of the Occidentalist fantasy and, second, how it is channelised to shape Ottoman women’s subjectivities within at least three tensions. I also argue that the ambivalent attitudes of the authors in these Occidentalist tensions operated as strategies for patriarchal bargaining for Ottoman women. Thus, this paper contributes to the understanding of the construction of womanhood in the late Ottoman period by showing the complexity embedded in the transnational spread and transformation of educational ideas related to women’s education.
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| 7. |
- Evertsson, Jakob, 1975-
(författare)
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Classroom wall charts and Biblical history : a study of educational technology in elementary schools in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 50:5, Special Issue, s. 668-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article considers the emergence of classroom wall charts as a teaching technology in Swedish elementary schools in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, using Biblical history teaching as an example. There has been some work done internationally on wall charts as an instructional technology, but few studies have looked at their use in Sweden. With a theoretical approach informed by Martin Lawn’s understanding of teaching technologies, this article shows that wall charts became both an important teaching object and a means of introducing new pedagogical ideas. A study of the official school inspectors’ reports shows that wall charts had spread to most local schools by the end of the nineteenth century, while an analysis of Biblical history textbooks and teaching guidelines shows that visual aids were increasingly integrated into the school curriculum. The wall charts themselves were initially imported, mainly from Germany, but by the end of the nineteenth century they were being produced in Sweden for the domestic market, in keeping with the National Romantic ideals of the day as well as with the new awareness of the importance of adapting images to use in classroom teaching.
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| 8. |
- Evertsson, Jakob, 1975-
(författare)
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“Making teaching cheap”: secondary employment and feminisation in elementary schools in the Uppsala region in central Sweden, 1861–1910
- 2023
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; , s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of elementary schools in Sweden (and elsewhere) in the mid-nineteenth century required the quick hiring of many new teachers, which in turn posed challenges about their financing. This paper analyses school inspectors’ reports and teachers’ journals to illuminate local strategies to provide affordable teaching in the Uppsala region in central Sweden from 1861 to 1910. The feminisation of the teacher’s role and the secondary occupations undertaken by (usually) male teachers during this time have not previously been studied together in this context. The main aim of studying these areas together was to contribute to social and economic research in the history of education. The methods were historical and statistical analyses of source materials, with a particular focus on local and regional school developments. The results show that hiring more women to teach in the lower school forms and providing or encouraging side occupations for male teachers were common strategies to make teaching affordable in Sweden during the period studied. In conclusion, it would have been very difficult to implement the elementary school model in Sweden without these strategies. The study confirms the notion of the local character of school funding and provides new empirical evidence of the limitations of state intervention during this period.
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| 9. |
- Grek, Sotiria, et al.
(författare)
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Travel, translation, and governing in education : the role of Swedish actors in the shaping of the European education space
- 2022
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 58:1, s. 32-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the field of history of education, there is a growing interest in the movement of influential actors and texts that have crossed national borders. One of the main driving forces for influence, knowledge, and innovation is comparison, a tool used within the governing of education in diverse ways and with different intensities, over time, to shape education systems. This article looks beyond dichotomies such as the national versus the European or the global, in order to focus on those governing spaces and practices that lie in between bounded, predetermined, and preconceived entities and education organisations. Our locus of enquiry is education actors and their practices as they use comparison to make governing happen. The article examines the case of Swedish education (its policy actors, governing elites, and education practitioners) to examine this relation between comparison, governing, and the transnational.
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| 10. |
- Grossberg, Michael
(författare)
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From feeble-minded to mentally retarded : child protection and the changing place of disabled children in the mid-twentieth century United States
- 2011
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Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 47:6, s. 729-747
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- American attitudes and policies toward children with disabilities changed significantly between the 1920s and the 1950s. Drawn from a larger study of the history of child protection in the United States, I argue that a redefinition of disabled children occurred in this era. Earlier fears that feeble-minded children posed a menace to American society gave way to new anxieties that mentally retarded children placed undue strains on individual families. Both concerns encouraged the segregation and often the institutionalisation of such children, but within very different class, family, medical and policy contexts and with very different results. These developments are best understood by connecting together the emerging histories of childhood and disability through the concept of policy drift.
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