| 1. |
- Bergmann, Manuela M., et al.
(författare)
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Bioethical considerations for human nutrigenomics
- 2008
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 28, s. 447-467
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article gives an overview of the ethical issues in nutrigenomics; research and personalized nutrition. The principles of research ethics, i.e., autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and justice, are challenged by rapidly growing cross-border research activities utilizing existing and upcoming biobanks for studies of the interaction of genes with diet on risk of common diseases. We highlight the ethical issues, some unresolved, in international collaborative projects of which researchers should be aware. Personalized nutrition (tailoring diet on the basis of genotype) is one possible application of nutrigenomics research. However, until the scientific evidence concerning diet-gene interactions is much more robust, the provision of personalized dietary advice on the basis of specific genotype remains questionable. From the ethical and social perspective, nutrigenomics offers significant opportunities to improve public health by enhancing understanding of the mechanisms through which diet can be used to reduce the risk of common polygenic diseases.
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| 2. |
- Bulik, CM, et al.
(författare)
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The genetics of anorexia nervosa
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 27, s. 263-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anorexia nervosa is a perplexing illness marked by low body weight and persistent fear of weight gain. Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease. Historically, anorexia nervosa was viewed as a disorder primarily influenced by sociocultural factors; however, over the past decade, this perception has been challenged. Family studies have consistently demonstrated that anorexia nervosa runs in families. Twin studies have underscored the contribution of additive genetic factors to the observed familial aggregation. With these bodies of literature as a starting point, we evaluate critically the current state of research on molecular genetic studies of anorexia nervosa and provide guidance for future research.
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| 3. |
- Forsum, Elisabet, et al.
(författare)
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Energy metabolism during human pregnancy
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition (Print). - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 27, s. 277-292
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review summarizes information regarding how human energy metabolism is affected by pregnancy, and current estimates of energy requirements during pregnancy are presented. Such estimates can be calculated using either increases in basal metabolic rate (BMR) or increases in total energy expenditure (TEE). The two modes of calculation give similar results for a complete pregnancy but different distributions of energy requirements in the three trimesters. Recent information is presented regarding the effect of pregnancy on BMR, TEE, diet-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity. The validity of energy intake (EI) data recendy assessed in well-nourished pregnant women was evaluated using information regarding energy metabolism during pregnancy. The results show that underreporting of EI is common during pregnancy and indicate that additional longitudinal studies, taking the total energy budget during pregnancy into account, are needed to satisfactorily define energy requirements during the three trimesters of gestation. Copyright © 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Hooper, LV, et al.
(författare)
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How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 22, s. 283-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ▪ Abstract Humans and other mammals are colonized by a vast, complex, and dynamic consortium of microorganisms. One evolutionary driving force for maintaining this metabolically active microbial society is to salvage energy from nutrients, particularly carbohydrates, that are otherwise nondigestible by the host. Much of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which members of the intestinal microbiota degrade complex polysaccharides comes from studies of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent and genetically manipulatable component of the normal human and mouse gut. Colonization of germ-free mice with B. thetaiotaomicron has shown how this anaerobe modifies many aspects of intestinal cellular differentiation/gene expression to benefit both host and microbe. These and other studies underscore the importance of understanding precisely how nutrient metabolism serves to establish and sustain symbiotic relationships between mammals and their bacterial partners.
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| 5. |
- Leibiger, IB, et al.
(författare)
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Insulin signaling in the pancreatic beta-cell
- 2008
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 28, s. 233-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The appropriate function of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells is crucial for the regulation of glucose homeostasis, and its impairment leads to diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder in man. In addition to glucose, the major nutrient factor, inputs from the nervous system, humoral components, and cell-cell communication within the islet of Langerhans act together to guarantee the release of appropriate amounts of insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Data obtained within the past decade in several laboratories have revitalized controversy over the autocrine feedback action of secreted insulin on β-cell function. Although insulin historically has been suggested to exert a negative effect on β-cells, recent data provide evidence for a positive role of insulin in transcription, translation, ion flux, insulin secretion, proliferation, and β-cell survival. Current insights on the role of insulin on pancreatic β-cell function are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Madeo, F, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional Aspects of Spermidine
- 2020
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 1545-4312 .- 0199-9885. ; 40, s. 135-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural polyamines (spermidine and spermine) are small, positively charged molecules that are ubiquitously found within organisms and cells. They exert numerous (intra)cellular functions and have been implicated to protect against several age-related diseases. Although polyamine levels decline in a complex age-dependent, tissue-, and cell type–specific manner, they are maintained in healthy nonagenarians and centenarians. Increased polyamine levels, including through enhanced dietary intake, have been consistently linked to improved health and reduced overall mortality. In preclinical models, dietary supplementation with spermidine prolongs life span and health span. In this review, we highlight salient aspects of nutritional polyamine intake and summarize the current knowledge of organismal and cellular uptake and distribution of dietary (and gastrointestinal) polyamines and their impact on human health. We further summarize clinical and epidemiological studies of dietary polyamines.
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| 7. |
- Panagiotou, G., et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional Systems Biology: Definitions and Approaches
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 29, s. 329-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are nascent areas that are evolving quickly and riding on the wave of "personalized medicine" that is providing opportunities in the discovery and development of nutraceutical compounds. The human genome sequence and sequences of model organisms provide the equivalent of comprehensive blueprints and parts lists that describe dynamic networks and the bases for understanding their responses to external and internal perturbations. Unfolding the interrelationships among genes, gene products, and dietary habits is fundamental for identifying individuals who will benefit most from, or be placed at risk by, intervention strategies. More accurate assessment of the inputs to human health and the consequences of those inputs measured as accurate transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses would bring personalized health/diet to practice far faster than would waiting fora predictive knowledge of genetic variation. It is widely recognized that systems and network biology has the potential to increase our understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostasis, how this regulation is disturbed in a diet-related disease, and to what extent individual genotypes contribute to such diseases.
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| 8. |
- Svedberg, Peter
(författare)
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How Many People Are Malnourished?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition (Print). - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. - 9780824328313 ; 31, s. 263-283
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the three main methods for estimating the prevalence of malnutrition in populations: self-reported hunger, estimates based on food supplies, and anthropometrics. Although far from flawless, anthropometrics is found to be the most reliable method and also the most useful for directing policy. The main form of malnutrition among adults is overweight, not only in developed countries, but also in almost all developing countries. Only in a few developing countries is adult underweight more prevalent. By the conventional anthropometric indicators, about one-quarter of all children below the age of 5 in the developing countries are stunted or underweight, and about 10% are wasted. The total burden of malnutrition among young children, as measured by the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, is considerably higher, about 60% in India, the country with the largest child population in the world.
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| 9. |
- Vahter, M
(författare)
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Effects of arsenic on maternal and fetal health
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 1545-4312 .- 0199-9885. ; 29, s. 381-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arsenic, which is commonly found in drinking water, is a potent toxicant, but little is known about its effects on maternal health. Arsenic's modes of action include enzyme inhibition and oxidative stress as well as immune, endocrine, and epigenetic effects. A couple of studies reported increased blood pressure and anemia during pregnancy. Susceptibility to arsenic is dependent on the biomethylation, which occurs via one-carbon metabolism. Methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid are main metabolites in urine, and elevated methylarsonic acid is considered a general risk factor. Arsenic easily passes the placenta, and a few human studies indicate a moderately increased risk of impaired fetal growth and increased fetal and infant mortality. The fetus and infant are probably partly protected by the increased methylation of arsenic during pregnancy and lactation; the infant is also protected by low arsenic excretion in breast milk. Early-life exposure may induce changes that will become apparent much later in life.
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| 10. |
- Wahren, J, et al.
(författare)
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Splanchnic regulation of glucose production
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annual review of nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 27, s. 329-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The liver plays a key role for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis under widely changing physiological conditions. In the overnight fasted state, breakdown of hepatic glycogen and synthesis of glucose from lactate, amino acids, glycerol, and pyruvate contribute about equally to hepatic glucose production. Postprandial glucose uptake by the liver is determined by the size of the glucose load reaching the liver, the rise in insulin concentration, and the route of glucose delivery. Hepatic glycogen stores are depleted within 36 to 48 hours of fasting, but gluconeogenesis continues to provide glucose for tissues with an obligatory glucose requirement. Glucose output from the liver increases during exercise; during short-term intensive exertion, hepatic glycogenolysis is the primary source of extra glucose for skeletal muscle, and during prolonged exercise, hepatic gluconeogenesis becomes gradually more important in keeping with falling insulin and rising glucagon levels. Type 1 diabetes is accompanied by diminished hepatic glycogen stores, augmented gluconeogenesis, and increased basal hepatic glucose production in proportion to the severity of the diabetic state. The hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes is in part caused by an overproduction of glucose from the liver that is secondary to accelerated gluconeogenesis.
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