| 1. |
- Barron, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Coping with Rainfall Variability : Dry Spell Mitigation and Implication on Landscape Water Balances in Small-scale Farming Systems in Semi-arid Niger
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 26:4, s. 543-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rainfall variability and inherent dry spells are a reality with severe implications for smallholder agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Sahel. To increase both on- and off-farm biomass production and productivity is challenging with these climate-induced temporal and spatial variations of water. This paper tests the idea that increased vegetation through tree cover may impact water balance in a water-stressed landscape: South-east Niger. Local rainfall data, farming systems data and a landscape water-modelling tool (ArcSWAT) are used. Four production domains (conventional or fertilized combined with millet crop or millet crop plus trees) were assessed for long-term yield and landscape water balance impacts. The dry-spell analysis shows a frequency of dry spells less than 14 days is in the order of one to two dry-spell events per season in 7 years out of 10 years. The occurrence has increased between 1960 and 2004, despite a slight recovery of total annual rainfall amounts since the severe droughts of the 1980s. Results of modelled millet yields and landscape water balances suggest that options exist to enhance landscape productivity. With marginal inputs of fertilizer, millet yields increased fivefold to 2.0-2.4tha-1, and water productivity improved from 6,000 to 12,000m3 actual evapotranspiration (ETa) t-1 grain, to an improved 1,700-3,000m3 ETa t-1 grain. In addition, 10% tree cover in combination with fertilized millet increased yield with marginal or no impact on water partitioning and flows in the landscape. The policy opportunities are complex and urgently needed in view of increased rainfall variability due to expected climate change. To develop sustainable pathways in these landscapes dominated by poor smallholder framers requires water managers to be more innovative and go beyond water resources alone.
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| 2. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966
(författare)
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Future Biomass Energy Supply: The Consumptive Water Use Perspective
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1360-0648 .- 0790-0627. ; 24:2, s. 235-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are major expectations that bioenergy will supply large amounts of CO2 neutral energy for the future. A large-scale expansion of energy crop production would lead to a large increase in evapotranspiration appropriation for human uses, potentially as large as the present evapotranspiration from global cropland. In some countries this could lead to further enhancement of an already stressed water situation. However, there are also countries where such impacts are less likely to occur. Studies that assess bioenergy potentials need to consider restrictions from competing demand for water resources. Studies of the future state of water availability and use need to include the possibility of new high demands for water from a growing bioenergy sector.
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| 3. |
- Bhattacharya, Prosun, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in alluvial aquifers from delta plains, eastern India: Options for safe drinking water supply
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - London, UK : Routledge. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 13:1, s. 79-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arsenic contamination in groundwater used for drinking purposes has been envisaged as a problem of global concern. Exploitation of groundwater contaminated with arsenic within the delta plains in West Bengal has caused adverse health effects among the population within a span of 8-10 years. The sources of arsenic in natural water are a function of the local geology, hydrology and geochemical characteristics of the aquifers. The retention and mobility of different arsenic species are sensitive to varying redox conditions. The delta plains in West Bengal are characterized by a series of meander belts formed by the fluvial processes comprising different cycles of complete or truncated fining upward sequences (sand-silt-clay). The arseniferous groundwater belts are mainly located in the upper delta plain and in abandoned meander channels. Mineralogical investigations have established that arsenic in the silty day as well as in the sandy layers occurs as coatings on mineral grains. Clayey sediments intercalated with sandy aquifers at depths between 20 and 80 m are reported as a major source of arsenic in groundwater. Integrated knowledge on geological, hydrological and geochemical characteristics of the multi-level aquifer system of the upper delta plain is therefore necessary in predicting the origin, occurrence and mobility of arsenic in groundwater in West Bengal. This would also provide a basis for developing suitable low-cost techniques for safe drinking water supply in the region.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Enqvist, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Informality and water justice : community perspectives on water issues in Cape Town's low-income neighbourhoods
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 38:1, s. 108-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cape Town's water injustices are entrenched by the mismatch between government interventions and the lived realities in many informal settlements and other low-income areas. This transdisciplinary study draws on over 300 stories from such communities, showing overwhelming frustration with the municipality's inability to address leaking pipes, faulty bills and poor sanitation. Cape Town's interventions typically rely on technical solutions that tend to ignore or even exacerbate the complex social problems on the ground. Water justice requires attention be paid to the range of everyday realities that exist in the spectrum from formal to informal settlements.
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| 6. |
- Falkenmark, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Overcoming the land-water disconnect in water-scarce regions : time for IWRM to go contemporary
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 30:3, s. 391-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims to analyze the relationships between water and land. It posits that there is a disconnect between land and water management that needs to be rectified. To address the major challenges the world is facing in terms of feeding itself and securing adequate access to water there is a need to revisit the integrated water resources management (IWRM) paradigm. While IWRM incorporates the link between land and water in theory, it is often ignored in practice. The authors argue that greater visibility of the land-water linkage is needed and would be encouraged by adding an L for land use, making ILWRM: integrated land and water resources management. The natural systems at play are juxtaposed with a discussion of the (water) governance challenges that they pose. Challenges stemming from increased land (and thereby water) acquisitions, as well as the transboundary perspectives of the ILWRM challenge, highlight the need to revisit and evolve our approach to providing water and food security.
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| 7. |
- Falkenmark, M., et al.
(författare)
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Towards integrated catchment management : Increasing the dialogue between scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 20:3, s. 297-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy (HELP) project is to strengthen the role and inputs of the scientific community in the integrated catchment management process. Water resources management in the 21st century requires a radical reorientation and an effective dialogue between decision-makers, stakeholders and the scientific water community. This paper offers a skeleton worldview as a starting point for that dialogue by bringing together key issues as identified by water resource experts from different disciplines. Experiences from all over the world demonstrate the need for multistakeholder advocacy and the importance of compromise-building mechanisms. Water law defines the rules of the game and provides a necessary framework for policy and its execution. However, there must be adequate social acceptance and active compliance, otherwise the formal rules and administrative regulation will not be perceived as legitimate and ultimately could prove ineffective. The challenge now is to create management systems where the formal decision-makers interact with relevant members of the scientific community, users and other stakeholders for a coordinated approach that successfully orchestrates water uses towards internal compatibility. Integrated water resources management is essential for securing a proper overview of all the activities that depend on the same resource-the precipitation over the basin-and which are internally linked by the mobility of water from the water divide to the river mouth. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Falkenmark, Malin
(författare)
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Water-A Reflection of Land Use : understanding of Water Pathways and Quality Genesis
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 27:1, s. 13-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper aims at a scientifically based synthesis of water quality genesis and pollution problems arising from human interventions in the landscape, physical as well as chemical. First, water quality genesis is explained in terms of sources, water pathways and some time scales involved. It goes on to look closer at chemical reactions along water pathways down a landscape catena, using the simple perception of a stream tube. The river quality outcome is explained in terms of a mix of water fractions with different hydrochemical signatures. Water quality is finally looked at in a 4000-year perspective, explaining some regional similarities and differences in the past. In looking towards the future, a potential further intensification and expansion in scale is seen as probable in response to driving forces at work, poor mitigation capabilities and the long response times involved.
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| 9. |
- Falkenmark, Malin
(författare)
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Water and human livelihood resilience : a regional-to-global outlook
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 33:2, s. 181-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses the need to profoundly expand the way we think about freshwater. Stressing water's role as the bloodstream of the biosphere, the article highlights water's functions in sustaining life on the planet (control, state and moisture feedback functions), the role of water partitioning changes in inducing non-linear change at multiple scales, and humanity's influence on a social-ecological system's capacity to adapt and continue to function. It reviews water's roles during its journey through the upper layers of the land mass, different types of water-ecosystem interactions, and water's roles in landscape-scale resilience building.
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| 10. |
- Falkenmark, Malin
(författare)
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Water resilience and human life support - global outlook for the next half century
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Water Resources Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0790-0627 .- 1360-0648. ; 36:2-3, s. 377-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article highlights green and blue water functions in the densely tied global water network, stabilizing the life support system and generating ecosystems and ecological services. Essential water challenges of the next half century are analyzed, identifying low-latitude dryland vulnerability and sharpening hydro-social water constraints. Attention is drawn to global warming, and the crucial roles of water and agriculture in stabilizing Holocene climate below a fatal warming of +2 °C or more. The article ends with a hydro-climatic, hydro-social and hydro-ecological outlook on how to principally navigate a resilient life support system stressed by climate change, population growth and increasing demands.
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