| 1. |
- Alceste, Fabiana, et al.
(författare)
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The Psychology of Confessions: A Comparison of Expert and Lay Opinions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a body of confessions research that is generally accepted in the scientific community, courts often exclude experts on the ground that such testimony would not assist the jury, which can use its common sense. To examine whether laypeople know the contents of expert testimony on confessions, we asked 151 lay participants to indicate their beliefs about 30 confession‐related statements used in a recent survey of 87 confession experts (Kassin, Redlich, Alceste & Luke, 2018). Participants agreed with experts on only 10 of the 30 propositions, suggesting that much of the psychology of confessions is not common knowledge and that expert testimony can assist the trier of fact.
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| 2. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgements: The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual-Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual-Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual-Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual-Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members' had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgments : The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual–Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual–Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual–Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual–Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members’ had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer.
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| 4. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of source and type of feedback on child witnesses' metamemory accuracy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 19:3, s. 331-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of feedback on the accuracy (realism) of 12-year-old children's metacognitive judgments of their answers to questions about a film clip. Two types of judgments were investigated: confidence judgments (on each question) and frequency judgments (i.e. estimates of overall accuracy). The source of feedback, whether it was presented as provided by a teacher or a peer child, did not influence metacognitive accuracy. Four types of feedback were given depending on whether the participant's answer was correct and depending on whether the feedback confirmed or disconfirmed the child's answer. The children showed large overconfidence when they received confirmatory feedback but much less so when they received disconfirmatory feedback. The children gave frequency judgments implying that they had more correct answers than they actually had. No main gender differences were found for any of the measures. The results indicate a high degree of malleability in children's metacognitive judgments.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Ulf
(författare)
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The contribution of working memory to children's mathematical word problem solving
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 21:9, s. 1201-1216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study explored the contribution of working memory to mathematical word problem solving in children. A total of 69 children in grades 2, 3 and 4 were given measures of mathematical problem solving, reading, arithmetical calculation, fluid IQ and working memory. Multiple regression analyses showed that three measures associated with the central executive and one measure associated with the phonological loop contributed unique variance to mathematical problem solving when the influence of reading, age and IQ were controlled for in the analysis. In addition, the animal dual-task, verbal fluency and digit span task continued to contribute unique variance when the effects of arithmetical calculation in addition to reading, fluid IQ, and age were controlled for. These findings demonstrate that the phonological loop and a number of central executive functions (shifting, co-ordination of concurrent processing and storage of information, accessing information from long-term memory) contribute to mathematical problem solving in children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Intending or pretending? Automatic evaluations of goal cues discriminate true and false intentions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 27:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research presents a novel approach to discriminating between true and deceptive statements about intended future behavior. Arguing that true intentions are goal-directed, we predict that people who genuinely intend to pursue a reported goal will implicitly evaluate goal-relevant cues positively, whereas people who do not intend to pursue the goal will not. Participants in an experiment were instructed to tell the truth about a planned future behavior (true intention) or to falsely report that same behavior to mask their actual mock-criminal intention (false intention). As predicted, an evaluative priming task showed that participants with true intention exhibited implicit positive evaluations of cues relevant to the reported goal, whereas participants with false intention did not. Subsequent analyses showed that implicit positivity significantly discriminated between true and false intentions. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical contributions and implications for the development of future detection tools.
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| 8. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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On the Ease of (Dis)believing: The Role of Accessibility Experiences in Credibility Judgments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1099-0720 .- 0888-4080. ; 26:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Credibility judgments are common and consequential in many applied settings. Although much research has addressed human observers’ ability to discriminate true and deceptive statements, less is known about the psychological processes involved in such judgments. Here, it is proposed that the process of mustering evidence for or against credibility is reflected in a feeling-based form (ease-of-retrieval) and that such feelings can be used as a basis for credibility judgments. The results of an experiment show, as predicted, that the perceived ease with which participants could identify clues strongly influenced credibility judgments. Ironically, mustering more clues in support of a truthful account lowered credibility judgments; in contrast, mustering more clues in support of a deceptive account increased credibility judgments. Mediation analyses suggest that this is because participants relied on a feeling-based as opposed to content-based judgment strategy. Practical implications are discussed, and theoretical issues regarding the process of credibility judgment are raised.
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| 9. |
- Blackwell, Simon E., et al.
(författare)
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Modifying Interpretation and Imagination in Clinical Depression : A Single Case Series Using Cognitive Bias Modification
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 24:3, s. 338-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current cognitive bias modification (CBM) paradigm targets interpretation bias (CBM-I) in depression via promoting positive imagery. We investigated the impact of repeated sessions of this CBM-I on interpretation bias, mood and mental health in participants currently experiencing a major depressive episode. Seven participants completed daily sessions of CBM-I at home for one week in a single case series. Outcome measures were completed pre and post a one-week baseline period, and after the week of daily CBM-I. Depressive symptoms were also assessed at a 2-week follow-up. Four of seven participants demonstrated improvements in mood, bias and/or mental health after one week of CBM-I, with improvements in depressive symptoms maintained at follow-up. Discussion of the remaining three highlights difficulties involved in translating CBM-I interventions from the laboratory to the clinic. To bridge this gap, we suggest that it is critical to examine the failures as well as the successes. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Chérif, Lobna, et al.
(författare)
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Multitasking in the military : Cognitive consequences and potential solutions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 32:4, s. 429-439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multitasking-the performance of several tasks at the same time-is becoming increasingly prevalent in workplaces. Multitasking is known to disrupt performance, particularly in complex and dynamic situations, which is exactly what most military occupations entail. Because military errors can be consequential, the detrimental impact of multitasking on cognitive functioning in such contexts should be taken seriously. This review pertains to high-consequence military occupations that require strong multitasking skills. More specifically, it highlights cognitive challenges arising from different forms of multitasking and discusses their underlying cognitive processes. Because such challenges are not expected to diminish, this review proposes context-relevant solutions to decrease occupational workload, either by reducing the cognitive load ensuing from the to-be-performed tasks or by improving soldiers' multitasking abilities. To ensure effective implementation of these solutions, we stress the need to design context-adapted tools and procedures, and to guide human resource managers in developing particular strategies.
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