| 1. |
- Wessling, C., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of ?-tocopherol concentration on the stability of linoleic acid and the properties of low-density polyethylene
- 2000
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 13:1, s. 19-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In food packaging applications where low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film containing ?-tocopherol is used, the antioxidant may have a dual function, i.e. to protect the polymer from oxidative degradation during processing, and to delay the onset of oxidation of the packaged foodstuff during storage. Incorporation of high levels of ?-tocopherol into LDPE film was found to inhibit oxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion stored in contact with the film at 6°C. However, the presence of 360 ppm caused changes in mechanical properties and an increase in oxygen transmission. Levels as high as 3400 ppm ?-tocopherol also caused yellowing and reduction in crystallinity of the material. Thus, the use of high amounts of ?-tocopherol in LDPE, which might be needed in active packaging applications, requires careful consideration of the protective requirements for each specific food and the maintenance of the desired properties of the packaging material.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
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Barrier properties and heat sealability/failure mechanisms of dispersion coated paperboard
- 2002
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 15, s. 209-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plate-like fillers are often added to improve barrier properties and to prevent blocking of dispersion coatings on paper and board. We have studied the effects of clay addition, neutralizing agent and drying conditions on water vapour permeability, water absorption, oxygen permeability and heat sealability of carboxylated styrene/butyl acrylate dispersion coatings on a pilot scale. The barrier dispersions were applied on a pre-coated side of a three-ply board, using a pre-metering roll coater. Coated strips were sealed under specified conditions of temperature, time and pressure and the sealability was assessed by measuring the peak load necessary to break the joints. The surface composition of the barrier-coated board was analysed and the mode of failure was characterized by ESCA. The occurrence of pinholes in the barrier coatings was assessed by both staining tests and ESEM/EDX analysis of the surface topography. The resulting barrier properties were satisfactory as far as resistance to water transport in both liquid and vapour form is concerned. The oxygen permeability was similar to that of similar amorphous polymers. Heat-sealing tests showed that the mode of failure was mainly cohesive in nature, as fibre tear occurred when sealed strips were separated. Neutralization with sodium hydroxide gave poor adhesion and had a negative effect on the seal strength. Barrier measurements and ESEM/EDX analysis both showed that the pinholes present extended only through the barrier coating
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| 3. |
- Andersson, C, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation and incorporation of microcapsules in functional coatings for self-healing of packaging board
- 2009
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 22:5, s. 275-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The replacement of flexible polyolefin barrier layers with novel, thin, functional polymer coatings in the production of paperboard packaging involves the risk of deteriorated barrier and mechanical properties during the converting process. Local defects or cracks in the protective barrier layer can arise because of the stress induced in creasing and folding operations. In this study, the incorporation of microencapsulated self-healing agents in coating formulations applied both by spot- and uniform-coating techniques was studied. The preparation process of microcapsules with a hydrophobic core surrounded by a hydrophobically modified polysaccharide membrane in aqueous suspension was developed to obtain capsules fulfilling both the criteria of small capsule size and reasonably high solids content to match the requirements set on surface treatment of paperboard for enhancement of packaging functionality. The survival of the microcapsules during application and their effectiveness as self-healing agents were investigated. The results showed a reduced tendency for deteriorated barrier properties and local termination of cracks formed upon creasing. The self-healing mechanism involves the rupture of microcapsules local to the applied stress, with subsequent release of the core material. Crack propagation is hindered by plasticization of the underlying coating layer, while the increased hydrophobicity helps to maintain the barrier properties.
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| 4. |
- Bor, Yasemin, et al.
(författare)
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Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals Migration of Cyclic Lactide Oligomers from Polylactide Packaging in Contact with Ethanolic Food Simulant
- 2012
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 25:7, s. 427-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis revealed rapid migration of cyclic oligomers from polylactide (PLA) packaging when stored in contact with 96% ethanol. The mass losses in contact with water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and isooctane were 3 to 5 times smaller and no migration of cyclic oligomers was observed. The presence of cyclic oligomers in the original PLA films and their solubility in ethanol, thus, explains the rapid mass loss for PLA in contact with ethanolic food simulant. On prolonged ageing no further mass loss was observed in 96% ethanol, whereas mass loss in aqueous food simulants increased because of hydrolysis of PLA matrix or the cyclic oligomers to water-soluble linear products. The mass losses were generally somewhat smaller for the stereocomplex material compared with the poly-l-lactide materials. Similar trend was observed for solvent uptakes, which is easily explained by the higher degree of crystallinity and stronger secondary interactions in the stereocomplex material. The use of ethanol as a fatty food simulant for PLA materials could, thus, lead to overestimation of the overall migration values.
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| 5. |
- Bramklev, Caroline
(författare)
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On a Proposal for a Generic Package Development Process
- 2009
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 22:3, s. 171-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globalization pressures have today inflicted significant changes in the way industrial enterprises are organized and how products are developed, manufactured and brought to market. A common denominator in many of these enterprises is the utilization of an organizational structure based on networks composed of divisions and supplier companies dispersed all over the world. ln these global enterprises the handling, transportation and storage of parts, subassemblies and final products creates an inner and an outer market, demanding in time and error-free deliveries to lowest possible costs and with a minimal impact on the environment. In order to successfully fulfil these demands it is necessary to focus not only on logistically related issues, but also to make sure that the Product-Package-System, the PPS for short, is developed in the most efficiently and effectively way possible. Since very few products are truly life cycle adapted, most products need supportive functions during part(s) of their life cycle - ranging from extensive systems of primary, secondary and tertiary packages to a simple wrapping or chemical surface protection. When a package is needed, considerations are seldom made to it during the actual development of the product see Bramklev (2004). In a proposal aiming at facilitating the fulfilment of the demands for an efficient and effective development of the PPS, Bjärnemo et al. (2000) suggested a development process for the integration of packaging logistics into the product development process. By adopting the proposed integration concept, the multidisciplinary product and packaging development team is given the freedom of allocating essential functions between product and package, thus making it possible to, in a most effective and efficient way, fulfilling the demands set out for a given PPS — something unattainable in the traditional, sequential, development of product and package. In three surveys, performed within the mechanical, food and pharmaceutical industries, Bramklev (2004) verified the interest and expectations in industry for the proposed integration concept. Note that these surveys, carried out as interviews, solely focused on the interest from the product manufacturing industries to integrate package development into their product development processes. The reason for not including the package manufacturing industries at this stage was simply the fact that these traditionally array themselves the role of supplier, thus entrust the initiative of cooperation to the product manufacturing industries. This somewhat passive role of the package manufacturing industry is an inevitable consequence of the predominant practice in the collaboration between the product manufacturing and the package manufacturing industries. From the surveys it was found that the initial definition and specifications of the package was frequently performed by the product development team/staff during the later parts of the product development process. In some of the companies, the production staff performed these tasks. After having defined and specified the package, the package manufacturing supplier was engaged to carry out the subsequent development and manufacturing of the package. Resulting from the confirmation of the validity of the integration concept - see Bramklev (2004), the second stage of the research project have been initiated, with the overall objective to develop an industrially implementable process model for the integration of product and package development. One of the cornerstones in achieving this goal is the access to a model of the package development process well adapted for integration into the product development process. The objective set out for research results presented here is to: Account for the development of a generic package development process which facilitates the establishment of the proposed integration concept and which also provides a more proactive and holistic approach to the development of new and innovative packages for the global market.
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| 6. |
- Carli Lorenzini, Giana, et al.
(författare)
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Medication packaging and older patients: a systematic review
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 1099-1522 .- 0894-3214. ; 30:8, s. 525-558
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenges posed by demographic change call for more senior-friendly medication packaging. This paper presents a comprehensive integrated view and synthesis of the literature on medication packaging and older people. Considering the multidisciplinary nature of the research field, a systematic review was conducted in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Engineering Village), limited to original research studies containing empirical data and English-language papers, published until January 2015. Manual reference mining was carried out for other relevant papers, and a critical appraisal methodology was applied to judge the quality of the papers. In total, 34 studies are fully reviewed and classified according to the main characteristics of the studies, information about older patients and impact of the packaging on medication use. As a result, the review indicates the literature to be fragmented and diverse yet composed of two major interconnected research streams (physical functionality and user capability; medication management) and orientations (packaging; user). The physical functionality and user capability stream of research with a packaging orientation addresses child-resistant containers (CRCs), whereas the user-oriented studies address openability, i.e. the ease of opening the medication. In contrast, the medication management stream of research with a packaging orientation focuses on the adherence outcomes of different package aids, whereas the user-oriented studies focus on the counselling provided by healthcare professionals and coping strategies for older patients to handle the packages. These original findings provide valuable input to researchers and practitioners and offer guidance for the further development of medication packaging.
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| 7. |
- de Koeijer, Bjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Realizing Product-Packaging Combinations in Circular Systems: Shaping the Research Agenda
- 2017
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : WILEY. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 30:8, s. 443-460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years have shown a shift in the focus of sustainable development from eco-efficiency (minimizing negative impacts) towards eco-effectiveness (optimizing positive impacts). Currently, a focus on circular models can be identified; Cradle to Cradle and circular economy are main examples of such models. However, the current number and variety of models and tools focusing on circular systems are limited with regard to packaging development. This paper explores packaging development models and tools in relation to circular systems, in order to identify the current status of the circularity focus. A range of identified models and tools is structured into two categories (generative and evaluative tools) which cover three types (protocols, diagrams and evaluations). This is in line with the distinction between early and later phases of development and the cumulative nature of environmental lock-in. Protocol-type models and tools come in different forms, such as principles, guidelines and checklists (e.g. Cradle to Cradle and DfE). Aside from these, eight diagram-type models are analysed, focusing on packaging development, sustainable development and sustainable packaging development. In contrast to generative design tools, evaluation-type models and tools (e.g. LCA) are most useful in the later stages of development processes. Resulting from the analysis of the models and tools, three types of integration - integrated product-packaging development, the cross-functional integration of actors and the front-end integration of sustainability considerations - are appropriate for the development of product-packaging combinations for circular systems. This leads to an agenda which shapes research directions towards achieving this development. (C) 2016 The Authors Packaging Technology and Science Published by John Wiley amp; Sons, Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Demertzis, P.G., et al.
(författare)
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Studies on the development of a quick inertness test procedure for multi-use PET containers - Sorption behaviour of bottle wall strips
- 1997
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 10:1, s. 45-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is part of a larger project aimed at establishing criteria to ensure the quality and safety-in-use of recycled and re-used plastics for food packaging. A major concern is that plastic materials can interact with chemicals to a greater or lesser extent. As a consequence, refillable containers may be contaminated by migration of harmful substances into the plastic material due to misuse by consumers before return. On the other hand, there is currently neither any specific national or EU regulation nor a standard test procedure available which could be applied by industry or enforcement laboratories to meet this situation appropriately. In this study, a relative simple inertness test which focuses on the interaction of PET bottle wall strips with a selection of model contaminants was investigated. The model contaminants were selected to include four different sets of chemical functional classes (set A, alcohol-type compounds; set B, ester/ketone type compounds; set C, hydrocarbon-type compounds; set D, chlorinated hydrocarbons). A simple gas chromatographic method using flame ionization detection was developed to allow quantification of the whole range of model contaminants. Linearity and reproducibility of the calibration curves for all contaminants were excellent, which indicates the validity and efficacy of the proposed methodology. The sorption experiments with PET bottle wall strips showed that significant amounts of chemicals can be absorbed into the plastic material if misused, thus establishing a remigration potential in the bottle material after refilling. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Dominic, Chris A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a conceptual sustainable packaging development model : A corrugated box case study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - New York : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 28:5, s. 397-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corrugated package designers are focused on balancing the need for product protection, material use efficiency and the packaging material's impact on the environment in the supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual sustainable packaging model that integrates the variables of technical design, supply chain systems and environmental factors and then use the model to identify to improve upon corrugated container design. A model was developed, from the extant literature, and a case study was performed on a corrugated container. This is believed to be a unique integrated model of most relevant agents related to the design and implementation of a corrugated box through a supply chain from design to potential post-consumer reuse. From this study, we found opportunities to improve the environmental design of the corrugated container through four ex ante design stages, and two ex post facto supply chain stages. Further, research can evaluate and refine this model via a 'live supply chain' for use in guiding corrugated box material selection design and reuse/recycling. Integration of the design criterion for a unit load in the supply chain creates opportunity to observe the packaging system holistically. Waste in the manufacturing process and CO2 emissions are traced along the material flow until the end of its useful life to provide an overall picture of the packaging system.
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| 10. |
- Dominic, Chris
(författare)
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Integrating Packaging Suppliers into the Supply/Demand Chain
- 2005
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 18, s. 151-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results from qualitative studies done on leading edge companies in Supply/Demand Chain Management in Sweden. The aim of the study is to create a knowledge base, identify the Network Integrators, and with reference to previous studies conducted in the packaging industry, analyse the development for packaging suppliers.
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