| 1. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic Pipeline Coordinators
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 25-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research and development (R&D) of new antibiotics. Every pathogen on this list requires R&D activity, but some are more attractive for private sector investments, as evidenced by the current antibacterial pipeline. A pipeline coordinator is a governmental/non-profit organization that closely tracks the antibacterial pipeline and actively supports R&D across all priority pathogens employing new financing tools.
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| 2. |
- Daulaire, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Universal Access to Effective Antibiotics is Essential for Tackling Antibiotic Resistance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 43:S3, s. 17-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Universal access to effective antimicrobials is essential to the realization of the right to health. At present, 5.7 million people die from treatable infections each year because they lack this access. Yet, community-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment for many of the leading causes of avoidable infectious deaths has been shown to be feasible and effective, demonstrating that strategies to reach the under-served need to receive high priority. This is a necessary part of a broad strategy to assure the long-term benefits of antimicrobials and to combat antimicrobial resistance, both because the lack of systematic and rigorous efforts to assure effective coverage increases the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance, and because global efforts aimed at antimicrobial stewardship and innovation cannot succeed without explicitly addressing the needs of the under-served. Elements of this strategy will include clear evidence-based treatment protocols, a robust international framework and locally tailored regulations, active engagement with communities and local health providers, strong attention to program management and cost considerations, a focus on the end user, and robust surveillance and response to emerging resistance patterns. Only by balancing the needs of universal access with stewardship and innovation, and assuring that they are mutually reinforcing can a global strategy hope to effectively address antimicrobial resistance.
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| 3. |
- Helgesson, G
(författare)
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Autonomy, the Right Not to Know, and the Right to Know Personal Research Results: What Rights Are There, and Who Should Decide about Exceptions?
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1748-720X. ; 42:1, s. 28-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioethicists have for quite some time discussed the right to know and the right not to know personal health information, such as genetic information acquired in health care and incidental health-related findings in research. Several international ethical guidelines explicitly defend these rights.My own interest in these matters stems from my participation in ethics-related research tied to a longitudinal screening study on Type I diabetes involving young children. A few of the participating parents (about 2 percent) did not want to be informed if the study revealed their child had a high risk of developing diabetes. This response was troublesome, not least since the information would concern the child's and not the parents’ health. Our inclination was that there cannot be a right not to know that should be granted without qualifications. Furthermore, other contextual factors, e.g., that parents experienced pressure to participate and felt concern about some of the personal data handled in the study, gave reason to question whether autonomous decisions were made regarding participation. The autonomy of their expressed desire not to know was therefore questionable.
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| 4. |
- Juth, Niklas, 1973
(författare)
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The Right Not to Know and the Duty to Tell: The Case of Relatives
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 42, s. 38-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2014 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc. Obtaining and sharing genetic information when there is a potential conflict of interest between patients and their relatives give rise to two questions. Do we have a duty to find out our genetic predispositions for disease for the sake of our relatives, or do we have a right to remain ignorant? Do we have a duty to disclose our known genetic predispositions for disease to our relatives? I argue that the answer to both questions is yes, but to a lesser extent than sometimes claimed.
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| 5. |
- Mattsson, Titti, et al.
(författare)
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Country Reports
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 47:4, s. 670-674
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The country reports deal with the regulation of international direct-to-participant genomic research.
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| 6. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating Market Entry Rewards for Antibiotics Development
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 46, s. 32-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We design an agent based Monte Carlo model of antibiotics research and development (R&D) to explore the effects of the policy intervention known as Market Entry Reward (MER) on the likelihood that an antibiotic entering pre-clinical development reaches the market. By means of sensitivity analysis we explore the interaction between the MER and four key parameters: projected net revenues, R&D costs, venture capitalists discount rates, and large pharmaceutical organizations' financial thresholds. We show that improving revenues may be more efficient than reducing costs, and thus confirm that this pull-based policy intervention effectively stimulates antibiotics R&D.
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| 7. |
- Podolsky, SH, et al.
(författare)
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History Teaches Us That Confronting Antibiotic Resistance Requires Stronger Global Collective Action
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1748-720X. ; 4343 Suppl 3, s. 27-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotic development and usage, and antibiotic resistance in particular, are today considered global concerns, simultaneously mandating local and global perspectives and actions. Yet such global considerations have not always been part of antibiotic policy formation, and those who attempt to formulate a globally coordinated response to antibiotic resistance will need to confront a history of heterogeneous, often uncoordinated, and at times conflicting reform efforts, whose legacies remain apparent today. Historical analysis permits us to highlight such entrenched trends and processes, helping to frame contemporary efforts to improve access, conservation and innovation.
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| 8. |
- Ren, Mengying, et al.
(författare)
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Equitable Access to Antibiotics : A Core Element and Shared Global Responsibility for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1073-1105 .- 1748-720X. ; 50:S2, s. 34-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Securing equitable antibiotic access as an essential component for health system resilience and pandemic preparedness requires a systems perspective. This article discusses key components that need to be coordinated and paired with adequate financing and resources to ensure antibiotic effectiveness as a global public good, which should be central while discussing a new global agreement.
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| 9. |
- Taylor, A, et al.
(författare)
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Nonbinding Legal Instruments in Governance for Global Health: Lessons from the Global AIDS Reporting Mechanism
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1748-720X. ; 42:1, s. 72-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent debates surrounding World Health Organization (WHO) reform, international lawmaking has received unprecedented attention as a future priority function of the Organization. Although WHO's constitutional lawmaking authority was historically neglected and even resisted by WHO and its Member States until the adoption of its first treaty a decade ago, the widespread consensus in favor of a central role for lawmaking in visions of a reformed WHO reflects the crystallization of contemporary approaches to global health governance. Today it is widely recognized that the trends toward globalization that have restricted the capacity of sovereign states to protect health through unilateral action alone have made innovative mechanisms to promote global cooperation and coordination, including international lawmaking, an essential component of governance of public health.
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| 10. |
- Dekker, Sidney
(författare)
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Discontinuity and disaster: Gaps and the negotiation of culpability in medication delivery
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. - 1073-1105. ; 35:3, s. 463-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows how discontinuities in the process of drug delivery enable but also underdetermine the isolation of a culprit in adverse medication events. A case example illustrates how we are forced to abandon conceptualizations of blame that assume a dichotomy (either culpable or not), and shift instead to a more nuanced version that estimates the degree to which an actor desired, generated, or could have foreseen the harmful outcome, and the extent to which constraints external to the actor altered the event. The paper concludes that meaningful safety interventions in a system as diverse, socially embedded and complex as health care delivery cannot just build on "good science" (e.g., good methods) to generate "root" causes. Rather, they need to somehow be sensitive to how and which narratives of success and failure are created, as these constrain which countermeasures are likely to be encouraged, funded, and accepted.
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