| 1. |
- Campillo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the building–understanding building renovations in relation to urban energy systems
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. - 2069-3419. ; 2016:Spec. Iss. 5, s. 31-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- About 35% of Europe’s building stock is over 50 years old and consumes about 175 kWh/m2 for heating, between 3-5 times the amount required by the newly constructed buildings. Annually, between1 and 1.5% new buildings are built and only between 0.2 and 0.5% are removed, therefore the focus needs to be put on the renovation of the existing building stock. The implementation of energy conservation measures (ECMs) in the residential sector becomes a very important strategy to meet the EU´s 20% energy consumption reduction of the 20-20-20 goals. The main challenge, however, is to determine which of the ECMs strategies are the best to provide not just with the best energy consumption reduction, but also with the best environmental impact and economic benefits. This paper addresses this issue and analyses the impact of different ECMs by focusing not only on the buildings themselves, but on the energy supply network and the overall energy system as a whole. To achieve this, we review five case studies in Sweden that use different ECMs as well as other alternatives, such as: distributed generation (DG) and energy storage. Results suggest that although there is no standard protocol that would fit all renovation projects, the existing methodologies fall short to provide the best overall impact on the energy system and that a broader analysis of the local conditions should be carried out before performing large building renovation projects.
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| 2. |
- Kullman, M., et al.
(författare)
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Note : The PLEEC project–planning for energy efficient cities
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. - 2069-3419. ; 2016:Special Issue: 5, s. 89-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globally, more than 50% of all people are living in cities today. Enhancing sustainability and efficiency of urban energy systems is thus of high priority for global sustainable development. The European research project PLEEC (Planning for Energy Efficient Cities) focuses on technological, innovative, behavioural and structural capacities of European medium-sized cities in their transition towards Energy Smart Cities. The variation of strengths and weaknesses of cities’ capabilities as well as practices and tools for enhancing energy efficient performance of urban energy systems were at the centre of the project. This short note summarises its main findings.
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| 3. |
- Read, S., et al.
(författare)
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The inefficiencies of energy efficiency : Reviewing the strategic role of energy efficiency and its effectiveness in alleviating climate change
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. - 2069-3419. ; 2016:Spec. Iss. 5, s. 77-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our present economy is high-energy and demand-intensive, demand met through the use of high energy yield fossil fuels. Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are proposed as the solution and named the ‘twin pillars’ of sustainable energy policy. Increasing energy efficiencies are expected to reduce energy demand and fossil fuel use and allow renewables to close the ‘replacement gap’. However, the simple fact is that fossil fuel use is still rising to meet increasing global demand and even when demand is stabilised, the substantial energy efficiencies achieved are not delivering the expected reductions in energy demand. The net effect is that efficiencies are gained and renewable energy use is increasing, even though the replacement of fossils is not an immediately plausible possibility. This points to the under-theorised problems in the ‘efficiency and replacement’ formula. We argue the need to pay closer attention to the ‘systemicity’ of the problem and to the technical and practical systems involved in energy demand. There are a number of detailed reasons why the ‘efficiency and replacement’ equation has become problematic (‘globality’, energy yield, ‘rebound’ and ‘momentum’ effects) and we include a short review of these and relate them to our ‘systemicity’ argument. We argue there is a need for better thinking, but also for a new primary instrument to drastically reduce energy demand and fossil fuel use. Attention should be urgently shifted from gains in energy efficiency to substantial year-over-year reductions in demand.
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