| 1. |
- Pelkmans, Luc, et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustainability requirements in international bioenergy markets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Energy. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 2195-1292 .- 2195-1284. ; 17:1, s. 125-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the main driver for bioenergy is to enable society to transform to more sustainable fuel and energy production systems, it is important to safeguard that bioenergy deployment happens within certain sustainability constraints. There is currently a high number of initiatives, including binding regulations and several voluntary sustainability standards for biomass, bioenergy and/or biofuels. Within IEA Bioenergy studies were performed to monitor the actual implementation process of sustainability regulations and certification, evaluate how stakeholders are affected and envisage the anticipated impact on worldwide markets and trade. On the basis of these studies, recommendations were made on how sustainability requirements could actually support further bioenergy deployment. Markets would gain from more harmonization and cross-compliance. A common language is needed as 'sustainability' of biomass involves different policy arenas and legal settings. Policy pathways should be clear and predictable, and future revisions of sustainability requirements should be open and transparent. Sustainability assurance systems (both through binding regulations and voluntary certification) should take into account how markets work, in relation to different biomass applications (avoiding discrimination among end-uses and users). It should also take into account the way investment decisions are taken, administrative requirements for smallholders, and the position of developing countries.
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| 2. |
- Zakerinia, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the Impacts of Deep Decarbonization in California and the Western US: Focus on the Transportation and Electricity Sectors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Energy. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2195-1292 .- 2195-1284. ; , s. 245-259
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decarbonization scenarios for California and other Western states of United States to 2030 and 2050 show a number of relatively robust trends, including significant adoption of plug-in electric vehicles and investments in large quantities of renewable wind and solar generation. These two developments in disparate sectors (electricity and transportation) are linked via the use of electricity in the transportation sector. By expanding the existing California TIMES (CA-TIMES) model and including the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) electricity region into this model, we explore the impact of California’s policies on the Western Electricity Coordinating Council grid. Our analysis shows that a climate target on California only and not on the other states could contribute to the greening of power plants in the Western States, driven by the possibility to export electricity to California. When a carbon target is extended to all regions, the grid of all Western States, as well as the entire energy system of California, there cannot be zero emissions without adopting carbon capture and storage.
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