| 1. |
- Schug, Thaddeus T., et al.
(författare)
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Designing Endocrine Disruption Out of the Next Generation of Chemicals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 15:1, s. 181-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central goal of green chemistry is to avoid hazard in the design of new chemicals. This objective is best achieved when information about a chemical's potential hazardous effects is obtained as early in the design process as feasible. Endocrine disruption is a type of hazard that to date has been inadequately addressed by both industrial and regulatory science. To aid chemists in avoiding this hazard, we propose an endocrine disruption testing protocol for use by chemists in the design of new chemicals. The Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption (TiPED) has been created under the oversight of a scientific advisory committee composed of leading representatives from both green chemistry and the environmental health sciences. TiPED is conceived as a tool for new chemical design, thus it starts with a chemist theoretically at "the drawing board." It consists of five testing tiers ranging from broad in silico evaluation up through specific cell- and whole organism-based assays. To be effective at detecting endocrine disruption, a testing protocol must be able to measure potential hormone-like or hormone-inhibiting effects of chemicals, as well as the many possible interactions and signaling sequellae such chemicals may have with cell-based receptors. Accordingly, we have designed this protocol to broadly interrogate the endocrine system. The proposed protocol will not detect all possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption, because scientific understanding of these phenomena is advancing rapidly. To ensure that the protocol remains current, we have established a plan for incorporating new assays into the protocol as the science advances. In this paper we present the principles that should guide the science of testing new chemicals for endocrine disruption, as well as principles by which to evaluate individual assays for applicability, and laboratories for reliability. In a 'proof-of-principle' test, we ran 6 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that act via different endocrinological mechanisms through the protocol using published literature. Each was identified as endocrine active by one or more tiers. We believe that this voluntary testing protocol will be a dynamic tool to facilitate efficient and early identification of potentially problematic chemicals, while ultimately reducing the risks to public health.
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| 2. |
- Eneqvist, Therese, et al.
(författare)
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The transthyretin-related protein family
- 2003
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Ingår i: The FEBS Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1742-464X .- 1742-4658. ; 270:3, s. 518-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of proteins related to the homotetrameric transport protein transthyretin (TTR) forms a highly conserved protein family, which we present in an integrated analysis of data from different sources combined with an initial biochemical characterization. Homologues of the transthyretin-related protein (TRP) can be found in a wide range of species including bacteria, plants and animals, whereas transthyretins have so far only been identified in vertebrates. A multiple sequence alignment of 49 TRP sequences from 47 species to TTR suggests that the tertiary and quaternary features of the three-dimensional structure are most likely preserved. Interestingly, while some of the TRP orthologues show as little as 30% identity, the residues at the putative ligand-binding site are almost entirely conserved. RT/PCR analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans confirms that one TRP gene is transcribed, spliced and predominantly expressed in the worm, which suggests that at least one of the two C. elegans TRP genes encodes a functional protein. We used double-stranded RNA-mediated interference techniques in order to determine the loss-of-function phenotype for the two TRP genes in C. elegans but detected no apparent phenotype. The cloning and initial characterization of purified TRP from Escherichia coli reveals that, while still forming a homotetramer, this protein does not recognize thyroid hormones that are the natural ligands of TTR. The ligand for TRP is not known; however, genomic data support a functional role involving purine catabolism especially linked to urate oxidase (uricase) activity.
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| 3. |
- Hill, Timothy A, et al.
(författare)
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Long chain amines and long chain ammonium salts as novel inhibitors of dynamin GTPase activity.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-894X .- 1464-3405. ; 14:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined a number of ligands with the view of inhibiting the GTPase activity of dynamin. Dynamin contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that interacts with lipids. We report a series of simple lipid-like molecules that display moderate inhibitory activity. Inhibitory activity is linked to chain length and quaternarization of the terminal amine. A change in the counterion, Cl versus Br or I, had little effect on potency. However, introduction of a hydrophobic collar proximal to the charged site was beneficial to dynamin GTPase inhibitory action. The most potent compound was myristoyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (MTMAB, IC(50) 3.15 microM).
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| 4. |
- Kauppi, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting Antipsychotic Drug Actions Through Gene Networks Associated With Schizophrenia
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Journal of Psychiatry. - : AMER PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING, INC. - 0002-953X .- 1535-7228. ; 175:7, s. 674-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Antipsychotic drugs were incidentally discovered in the 1950s, but their mechanisms of action are still not understood. Better understanding of schizophrenia pathogenesis could shed light on actions of current drugs and reveal novel "druggable" pathways for unmet therapeutic needs. Recent genome-wide association studies offer unprecedented opportunities to characterize disease gene networks and uncover drug-disease relationships. Polygenic overlap between schizophrenia risk genes and antipsychotic drug targets has been demonstrated, but specific genes and pathways constituting this overlap are undetermined. Risk genes of polygenic disorders do not operate in isolation but in combination with other genes through protein-protein interactions among gene product.Method: The protein interactome was used to map antipsychotic drug targets (N=88) to networks of schizophrenia risk genes (N=328).Results: Schizophrenia risk genes were significantly localized in the interactome, forming a distinct disease module. Core genes of the module were enriched for genes involved in developmental biology and cognition, which may have a central role in schizophrenia etiology. Antipsychotic drug targets overlapped with the core disease module and comprised multiple pathways beyond dopamine. Some important risk genes like CHRN, PCDH, and HCN families were not connected to existing antipsychotics but may be suitable targets for novel drugs or drug repurposing opportunities to treat other aspects of schizophrenia, such as cognitive or negative symptoms.Conclusions: The network medicine approach provides a platform to collate information of disease genetics and drug-gene interactions to shift focus from development of antipsychotics to multitarget antischizophrenia drugs. This approach is transferable to other diseases.
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| 5. |
- Odell, Luke R, et al.
(författare)
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The Pthaladyns : GTP Competitive Inhibitors of Dynamin I and II GTPase Derived from Virtual Screening
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 53:14, s. 5267-5280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the development of a homology model for the GTP binding domain of human dynamin I based on the corresponding crystal structure of Dictyostelium discoidum dynamin A. Virtual screening identified 2-[(2-biphenyl-2-yl-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-5-carbonyl)amino]-4-chlorobenzoic acid (1) as a 170 μM potent inhibitor. Homology modeling- and focused library-led synthesis resulted in development of a series of active compounds (the “pthaladyns”) with 4-chloro-2-(2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxamido)benzoic acid (29), a 4.58 ± 0.06 μM dynamin I GTPase inhibitor. Pthaladyn-29 displays borderline selectivity for dynamin I relative to dynamin II (5−10 fold). Only pthaladyn-23 (dynamin I IC50 17.4 ± 5.8 μM) was an effective inhibitor of dynamin I mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis in brain synaptosomes with an IC50 of 12.9 ± 5.9 μM. This compound was also competitive with respect to Mg2+·GTP. Thus the pthaladyns are the first GTP competitive inhibitors of dynamin I and II GTPase and may be effective new tools for the study of neuronal endocytosis.
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