| 1. |
- Allen-Perkins, Alfonso, et al.
(författare)
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CropPol : a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 103:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e. berry weight, number of fruits and kg per hectare, among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), Northern America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001-05 (21 studies), 2006-10 (40), 2011-15 (88), and 2016-20 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future. This data set is released for non-commercial use only. Credits should be given to this paper (i.e., proper citation), and the products generated with this database should be shared under the same license terms (CC BY-NC-SA). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Georg K.S., et al.
(författare)
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Landscape-scale diversity of plants, bumblebees and butterflies in mixed farm-forest landscapes of Northern Europe : Clear-cuts do not compensate for the negative effects of plantation forest cover
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the biodiversity consequences of contemporary land-use trends in Northern Europe, where agriculture is being replaced by forestry, we need a better knowledge of the contributions of constituting habitats to biodiversity. Here, we use purposefully collected data from 87 sites to model how agricultural habitats, including semi-natural pastures, sown temporary grassland (leys), cereal crops, and forest habitats comprising both mature production forests and clear-cuts, contribute to landscape-scale diversity of plants, bumblebees and butterflies in boreonemoral Sweden. At the local scale, species richness was highest in semi-natural pastures, intermediate in cereal crops and leys and lowest in forest. In clear-cuts, species richness was similarly high to that in semi-natural pastures. Countryside species-area models show that at a landscape scale, the high local richness in clear-cuts was more than offset by the low species richness encountered in forest. At landscape scale, semi-natural pastures, and in the case of plants also cereal crops, were major contributors of unique species. Leys and semi-natural pastures were both important contributors to bumblebee diversity. The effect of the surrounding landscape composition on local diversity was weak, suggesting that area-based approximations of landscape-scale species richness were reasonable. We conclude that clear-cuts constitute habitats for open-land species but cannot maintain landscape-scale diversity in the face of agricultural abandonment when open land is replaced by even-aged production forests. Maintaining farmland, in particular semi-natural pastures but also cereals and leys, is therefore critical to maintaining the landscape-scale species richness of plants and insects in forestry-dominated areas.
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| 6. |
- Arnberg, Harriet, et al.
(författare)
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Pilotförsök för generell övervakning av pollinatörer – resultat för fältsäsongen 2021
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lunds universitet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket under 2021 utvärderat metodik för nationell pollinatörsövervakning. Metodiken bygger på rapporten ”Proposal for an EU pollinator monitoring scheme” som tagits fram av en expertgrupp inom EU (Potts m. fl. 2020) och ska kunna ge underlag för uppföljning av pollinatörer på nationell nivå med ett främsta fokus på landskapet utanför områden som omfattas av EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik (CAP). Nationella anpassningar och möjliga förenklingar av det europeiska förslaget har utvärderats, och uppdraget har koordinerats med det förslag till övervakning av pollinatörer i jordbrukslandskapet som parallellt tagits fram av SLU. Under 2021 genomfördes inventering på 31 lokaler utplacerade i större delen av Sverige. Urvalet av lokaler gjordes så att det täckte in Sveriges tre biogeografiska regioner: den kontinentala (Götaland), den boreala (Götaland, Svealand, Norrland), samt den alpina regionen (Svealand, Norrland). För fältarbetet anlitades 18 inventerare på volontärbasis eller mot ersättning. Säsongen 2021 inleddes med framtagande av fällor och fältmateriel, etablerande av lokalnätverk, samt rekrytering av inventerare. Själva fältsäsongen påbörjades i början-mitten av juli och pågick med en provtagning per månad som mål. I södra Sverige pågick säsongen september ut medan den i norr avslutades när hösten infunnit sig i augusti-september.Flera olika metoder utvärderades, däribland färgskålefällor, transekter, blombesöksräkningar och nattfjärilsfällor. Såväl 2×2-km och 1×1-km rutor har inventerats och 6 respektive 24 timmars provtagning har testats. Totalt har 18 875 exemplar av 115 olika arter/grupper samlats in från färgskålefällorna. Vid transektinventeringen hittades 617 individer av 42 arter fjärilar, med 6,8 arter i snitt per 500 m transekt och 419 individer humlor, med 14,0 noterade exemplar i snitt per 500 m transekt. Totalt har 135 blombesöksräkningar gjorts och 391 exemplar av 136 arter nattfjärilar har insamlats och artbestämts med hjälp av nattfjärilsfällor. Det bör noteras att metodiken så här långt testats ca. en halv säsong och att det vore mycket värdefullt att utöka med en fältsäsong från april 2022 och framåt för att bland annat täcka in vårflygande solitärbin m. fl. grupper. Utifrån säsongens resultat rekommenderar vi 1×1-km rutor med 5 fällstationer per ruta snarare än 2×2-km rutor. Merarbetet för 2×2-km rutor och 10 fällstationer per ruta var betydande (mängd material att transportera, avstånd etc.), gav inte signifikant högre artantal, och de större rutorna var klart mindre populära bland inventerarna. Vi rekommenderar 6 timmars provtagning baserat på att det visade sig vara enklare att utföra samt resulterade i motsvarande artantal som 6 + 18 timmar respektive 24 timmar. För transektinventeringarna rekommenderar vi att a) fullständig artlista används för dagfjärilar, då inventerare i stor utsträckning har god artkännedom inom denna grupp, att b) den s.k. ”långlistan” (ett urval av typiska pollinatörer, Ahrné m. fl. 2021, Pettersson m. fl. 2022) provas i relation till enklare listor (exv. ”kortlistan”, Ahrné m. fl. 2021, Pettersson m. fl. 2022) för övriga tre grupper (humlor, solitärbin, blomflugor) och att c) utbildningsmaterial för ”långlistan” tas fram (online-resurser och föreläsningar). I sin enklaste form kan transektinventering fokusera på abundansmått (humlor, solitärbin, blomflugor) men vi rekommenderar en något högre taxonomisk upplösning motsvarande åtminstone kortlistan. För humlor kan metoder för mer detaljerad artidentifiering tas fram. Blombesöksräkningar (Carvell m. fl. 2016, Carvell m. fl. 2020) har visat sig vara en enkel och effektiv metod för att räkna pollinatörer och växt-pollinatörsinteraktioner. Metoden är populär bland volontärer och vi rekommenderar fortsatt användning och anpassning till svenska förhållanden.Nattfjärilsfällorna anlände sent på säsongen 2021 och behöver utvärderas under en längre period för att utrustningen och metodiken ska kunna testas väl, men initialt verkar de gett goda resultat. Vidare har vi gett i uppdrag till NRM att med hjälp av metabarcoding analysera en delmängd (95) av de sorterade och bestämda proverna från färgskålefällorna. Detta förväntas ge information om samstämmighet mellan metabarcoding och manuell analys.För att få en bild av hur pilotprojektets deltagare uppfattat uppdragets metodik och utmaningar har vi genomfört en detaljerad enkätundersökning motsvarande den i Carvell m. fl. (2016) bland inventerarna. Generellt har de varit positiva till sitt deltagande, pilotprojektets omfattning och samstämmiga i rekommendationen av 1×1-km rutor med 5 fällstationer per ruta. Många har i direkt kontakt med oss efterfrågat utbildningssatsningar för de svårare grupperna. Slutligen, för att erhålla data som speglar pollinatörssamhällets förändring över säsongen vore det önskvärt att fortsätta pilotförsöket i det etablerade lokalnätverket under 2022. Inventerare och utrustning finns på plats och kan påbörja säsongen så snart årstiden tillåter. En förlängning innebär även möjligheter till fördjupade analyser, i första hand ett mindre antal (4) 2×2-km rutor (Potts m. fl. 2020, ”superytor” i Pettersson m. fl. 2022) där kritiska mått som exv. effekten av fällantal, transektlängd, fångst¬period skulle kunna detaljstuderas med hjälp av anställd personal och därmed säkerställa analysstyrka. Det vore värdefullt för såväl det etablerade lokalnätverket som superytorna om utbildningsmaterial för långlistan kunde tas fram under 2022.
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| 7. |
- Birkhofer, Klaus, et al.
(författare)
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A framework to identify indicator species for ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 91, s. 278-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving our understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services is crucial for the development of sustainable agriculture. We introduce a novel framework that is based on the identification of indicator species for single or multiple ecosystem services across taxonomic groups based on indicator species analyses. We utilize multi-species community data (unlike previous single species approaches) without giving up information about the identity of species in our framework (unlike previous species richness approaches). We compiled a comprehensive community dataset including abundances of 683 invertebrate, vertebrate and plant species to identify indicator species that were either positively or negatively related to biological control, diversity of red-listed species or crop yield in agricultural landscapes in southern Sweden. Our results demonstrate that some taxonomic groups include significantly higher percentages of indicator species for these ecosystem services. Spider communities for example included a higher percentage of significant positive indicator species for biological control than ground or rove beetle communities. Bundles of indicator species for the analysed ecosystem service potentials usually included species that could be linked to the respective ecosystem service based on their functional role in local communities. Several of these species are conspicuous enough to be monitored by trained amateurs and could be used in bundles that are either crucial for the provision of individual ecosystem services or indicate agricultural landscapes with high value for red-listed species or crop yields. The use of bundles of characteristic indicator species for the simultaneous assessment of ecosystem services may reduce the amount of labour, time and cost in future assessments. In addition, future analysis using our framework in other ecosystems or with other subsets of ecosystem services and taxonomic groups will improve our understanding of service-providing species in local communities. In any case, expert knowledge is needed to select species from the identified subsets of significant indicator species and these species should be validated by existing data or additional sampling prior to being used for ecosystem service monitoring.
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| 8. |
- Birkhofer, Klaus, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between multiple biodiversity components and ecosystem services along a landscape complexity gradient
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 218, s. 247-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assessment of effects of anthropogenic disturbance on biodiversity (BD) and ecosystem services (ES) and their relationships are key priorities of the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Agricultural landscapes and their associated BD provide multiple ES and it is crucial to understand how relationships between ES and BD components change along gradients of landscape complexity. In this study, we related eight ES potentials to the species richness of five invertebrate, vertebrate and plant taxonomic groups in cereal farming systems. The landscape complexity gradient ranged from areas dominated by annually tilled arable land to areas with high proportions of unfertilized, non-rotational pastures and uncultivated field borders. We show that after accounting for landscape complexity relationships between yield and bird richness or biological control became more positive, but relationships between bird richness and biological control became less positive. The relationship between bird and plant richness turned from positive to negative. Multidiversity (overall biodiversity), was positively related to landscape complexity, whereas multifunctionality (overall ES provision), was not significantly related to either one of these. Our results suggest that multidiversity can be promoted by increasing landscape complexity; however; we found no support for a simultaneous increase of several individual ES, BD components or multifunctionality. These results challenge the assumption that bio-diversity-friendly landscape management will always simultaneously promote multiple ES in agricultural landscapes. Future studies need to verify this pattern by using multi-year data, larger sets of ES and BD components and a study design that is appropriate to address larger spatial scales and relationships in several regions.
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| 9. |
- Boke Olén, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of farm type on food production, landscape openness, grassland biodiversity, and greenhouse gas emissions in mixed agricultural-forestry regions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-521X .- 1873-2267. ; 189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: The global demand for food is expected to continue increasing for decades, which may drive both agricultural expansion and intensification. The associated environmental impacts are potentially considerable but will depend on how the agricultural sector develops. Currently, there are contrasting regional developments in agriculture; expansion and/or intensification in some regions and abandonment in others, as well as changes in the type of farming. However, the environmental consequences of changes in farm type are not well understood. Objective: We have evaluated the impacts of farm type on food production and three key environmental variables—landscape openness, grassland biodiversity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—in three marginal agricultural regions in Sweden. Methods: We do this by first dividing the population of farms in each region into types, based on their land-use and livestock holdings using an innovative clustering method. Thereafter we analysed changes in production activities for farm types over time and evaluated the environmental and food-production impacts, where landscape openness is quantified using a novel indicator. Results and conclusion: Our results show that there is not one single farm type that would simultaneously maximize food production, grassland biodiversity, and landscape openness, whilst minimizing GHG emissions. However, there exists considerable potential to manage the trade-offs between food production and these environmental variables. For example, by reducing land use for dairying and instead increasing both cropping for food production and extensive livestock grazing to maintain landscape openness and biodiversity-rich semi-natural pastures, it would keep food production at similar levels. Significance: Our farm typology allows us to assess the multifunctionality of farming, by relating contrasting production activities to multiple ecosystem services, grassland biodiversity and GHG emissions for informing policy towards more sustainable agriculture. We have demonstrated this with examples under Swedish conditions, but it should to a large extent also be applicable for other countries.
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| 10. |
- Dainese, Matteo, et al.
(författare)
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A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 5:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society. Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
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