| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Kramer, Mark, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
-
The class-dimensional structure of PTSD before and after deployment to Iraq : Evidence from direct comparison of dimensional, categorical, and hybrid models
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. - : Elsevier. - 0887-6185 .- 1873-7897. ; 39, s. 1-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assumption of specific etiology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differentiates the disorder from most other psychiatric conditions. A 'risky test' of the assumption of specific etiology and resultant trauma-related symptom dimensions was conducted through structural modeling of PTSD symptoms in soldiers before (N = 522) and after (n = 423) a combat deployment to Iraq. If PTSD represents a discrete diagnostic entity that emerges after trauma exposure, we hypothesized either the number of latent classes should increase from pre- to post-deployment or symptom dimensions should qualitatively distinguish affected from unaffected classes following trauma exposure. Comparison of latent structural models revealed best fitting hybrid models for PTSD and depression with strong invariance of symptom dimensions across classes both before and after deployment and only quantitative (i.e., severity) differences between classes. These findings suggest PTSD is generally well-conceptualized as a dimensional syndrome worsened but not necessarily elicited by trauma exposure.
|
|
| 3. |
- Meis, L. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Using reinforcement sensitivity to understand longitudinal links between PTSD and relationship adjustment
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of family psychology. - : American Psychological Association. - 0893-3200 .- 1939-1293. ; 31:1, s. 71-81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited research testing longitudinal models of how posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity leads to impaired relationship adjustment. The present study evaluated 2 potential mechanisms among a longitudinal sample of National Guard soldiers deployed to the Iraq War: (1) sensitivity to cues associated with punishment within intimate relationships and (2) sensitivity to cues associated with incentives in intimate relationships. Participants were surveyed by mail 1 year after an extended 16-month combat deployment and again 2 years later. Using a cross-lagged panel analysis with 2 mediators (relationship-specific threat and incentive sensitivity), findings indicated Time 1 PTSD symptom severity significantly eroded relationship adjustment over time through greater sensitivity to cues of relationship-related punishment, but not through incentive sensitivity. Additionally, findings indicated sensitivity to cues of relationship-related threats maintains symptoms of PTSD while sensitivity to cues of relationship-related incentives maintains relationship adjustment. Finally, PTSD symptoms significantly predicted erosion of relationship adjustment over time; however, associations from relationship adjustment to changes in PTSD severity over time were nonsignificant. Findings are discussed within the context of reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotional processing theory of PTSD.
|
|
| 4. |
- Polusny, M. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among National Guard/Reserve component service members deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319086132
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decade, the USA has relied on unprecedented deployments of National Guard and Reserve Component service members to support sustained military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. In this chapter, we review the empirical literature on the prevalence of PTSD among service members following deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Methodological issues to be considered when evaluating prevalence estimates across studies are reviewed, and the results of meta-analyses comparing PTSD prevalence rates for reserve and active components are critically examined. Finally, we summarize findings from the literature on risk and protective factors associated with PTSD that might account for the heightened risk of PTSD among Reservists during the post-deployment reintegration period.
|
|
| 5. |
- Polusny, M. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Resilience and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in National Guard Soldiers Deployed to Iraq : A Prospective Study of Latent Class Trajectories and Their Predictors
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Traumatic Stress. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0894-9867 .- 1573-6598. ; 30:4, s. 351-361
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the prospective course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a cohort of National Guard soldiers (N = 522) deployed to combat operations in Iraq. Participants were assessed 4 times: 1 month before deployment, 2-3 months after returning from deployment, 1 year later, and 2 years postdeployment. Growth mixture modeling revealed 3 distinct trajectories: low-stable symptoms, resilient, 76.4%; new-onset symptoms, 14.2%; and chronic distress, 9.4%. Relative to the resilient class, membership in both the new-onset symptoms and chronic distress trajectory classes was predicted by negative emotionality/neuroticism, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.09, 95% CI [1.02, 1.17], and OR = 1.22, 95% CI [1.09,1.35], respectively; and combat exposure, OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.02, 1.12], and OR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.02, 1.24], respectively. Membership in the new-onset trajectory class was predicted by predeployment military preparedness, OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.91, 0.98], perceived threat during deployment, OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.10], and stressful life events following deployment, OR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.05, 1.96]. Prior deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan, OR = 3.85, 95% CI [1.72, 8.69], predeployment depression, OR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.20, 1.36], and predeployment concerns about a deployment's impact on civilian/family life, OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.02, 1.16], distinguished the chronic distress group relative to the resilient group. Identifying predeployment vulnerability and postdeployment contextual factors provides insight for future efforts to bolster resilience, prevent, and treat posttraumatic symptoms.
|
|
| 6. |
- Erbes, C. R., et al.
(författare)
-
Characterizing spouse/partner depression and alcohol problems over the course of military deployment
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. - Washington : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-006X .- 1939-2117. ; 85:4, s. 297-308
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Spouse/partners of military personnel demonstrate elevated levels of distress during military deployments, yet there is insufficient information about courses of adjustment over time. The current study identified trajectories of depression and alcohol use problems and predictors of those trajectories across the deployment cycle.Method: National Guard soldiers (N = 1973) and spouses/intimate partners (N = 1020) completed assessments of risk/protective factors and baseline measures of mental health functioning 2 to 5 months prior to soldiers' 1-year deployments (Time 1) to Kuwait/Iraq in support of Operation New Dawn or Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Partners' mental health was reassessed at 4 months (Time 2) and 8 months (Time 3) after soldiers deployed, and both spouses/partners and soldiers were reassessed 2-3 months postdeployment (Time 4).Results: Latent class growth modeling of partner depression symptoms over time revealed 4 groups: Resilience (79.9%), Deployment Distress (8.9%), Anticipatory Distress (8.4%), and Post-Deployment Distress (2.7%). Three alcohol misuse trajectories were identified: Resilience (91.3%), Deployment Onset (5.4%), and Deployment Desistance (3.3%). Predeployment predictors of partners' depression symptom trajectories varied by group and included soldier reports of stressors and social support and partner levels of neuroticism, introversion, disconstraint, and reported stressors. Predeployment predictors of alcohol misuse trajectories varied by group, and included soldier levels of alcohol misuse as well as partner neuroticism, disconstraint, and family readiness.Conclusions: Delineating and predicting trajectories of partner adjustment can allow for better targeted interventions toward those most at risk for heightened distress or alcohol problems over the deployment cycle.
|
|
| 7. |
- Koffel, E, et al.
(författare)
-
Personality traits and combat exposure as predictors of psychopathology over time
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 46:1, s. 209-220
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research suggests that personality traits have both direct and indirect effects on the development of psychological symptoms, with indirect effects mediated by stressful or traumatic events. This study models the direct influence of personality traits on residualized changes in internalizing and externalizing symptoms following a stressful and potentially traumatic deployment, as well as the indirect influence of personality on symptom levels mediated by combat exposure.Method: We utilized structural equation modeling with a longitudinal prospective study of 522 US National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Analyses were based on self-report measures of personality, combat exposure, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.Results: Both pre-deployment Disconstraint and externalizing symptoms predicted combat exposure, which in turn predicted internalizing and externalizing symptoms. There was a significant indirect effect for pre-deployment externalizing symptoms on post-deployment externalizing via combat exposure (p < 0.01). Negative Emotionality and pre-deployment internalizing symptoms directly predicted post-deployment internalizing symptoms, but both were unrelated to combat exposure. No direct effects of personality on residualized changes in externalizing symptoms were found.Conclusions: Baseline symptom dimensions had significant direct and indirect effects on post-deployment symptoms. Controlling for both pre-exposure personality and symptoms, combat experiences remained positively related to both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Implications for diagnostic classification are discussed.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Miller, K. E, et al.
(författare)
-
At-home partner sleep functioning over the course of military deployment
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of family psychology. - : American Psychological Association. - 0893-3200 .- 1939-1293. ; 32:1, s. 114-122
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the negative effects of deployment on the health of military spouses have been studied, research on sleep disruptions remains limited. This study investigates trajectories of sleep complaints over the course of deployment and predictors of these changes among a cohort of at-home partners. Data were drawn from the Readiness and Resilience in National Guard Soldiers (RINGS-2) project, a prospective, longitudinal study of National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq/Kuwait (2011-2012) and their intimate partners. Spouses or cohabiting partners (N = 686) of soldiers completed assessments of risk/protective factors 2 to 5 months before their partners' deployment (Time 1), 4 months (Time 2) and 8 months (Time 3) into the deployment, and 2 to 3 months following the soldiers' return (Time 4). Latent class growth analyses (LCGA) revealed quadratic change in partners' sleep over the deployment cycle, characterized by 4 distinct trajectories: resilient (61%), deployment-onset sleep problems (22%), deployment improvement (10%), and chronic (7%) groups. Predeployment and during deployment predictors of partners' sleep complaints varied by group and included negative emotionality, depression symptoms, alcohol use, low negative communication, and family stressors. Understanding the course of sleep complaints and potentially modifiable risk-factors among at-home partners during deployment may be useful for prevention and targeted intervention efforts.
|
|
| 10. |
- Shallcross, S. L, et al.
(författare)
-
Social causation vs. social erosion : Comparisons of causal models for relations between support and PTSD symptoms
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Traumatic Stress. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0894-9867 .- 1573-6598. ; 29:2, s. 167-175
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social support is a robust correlate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and of general psychological distress (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). The nature of the causal relationship between support and PTSD remains the subject of debate, with 2 models, social erosion and social causation, often used to explain findings. Despite extensive research using these models, no studies of which we are aware have included tests of both models within the same series of analyses, across more than 2 time points, in veterans. These competing models were tested in a sample of National Guard soldiers (N = 521) who completed measures of perceived social support and the PTSD Checklist-Military version (Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) at 3 months, 15 months, and 27 months following a combat deployment to Iraq. Analyses were run separately for overall PTSD symptoms and the PTSD components of intrusion, trauma-avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal. Both the social erosion (s ranging from -.10 to -.19) and social causation (s ranging from -.08 to -.13) hypotheses were supported. Results suggested PTSD-specific symptom dimensions may both erode and be influenced by social support, whereas general psychological distress erodes social support. Implications for clinical intervention and research are discussed.
|
|
