| 1. |
- Arens, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Can we find a market for green steel?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Steel Times International. - 0143-7798. ; 43:4, s. 59-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Arens, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? - Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321. ; 143
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global steel production is currently dependent on coal and capital-intensive production facilities with long economic lifetimes. While the Paris Agreement means carbon neutrality must be reached globally by 2050–2070, with negative emissions thereafter, coal-based steel production today accounts for around 8% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Its production may stabilize or even decline in industrialized countries, but it will increase significantly in the emerging economies. In the past, the focus of CO2 reduction for steel has been on moderate emissions reductions through energy efficiency measures and on exploring carbon capture and storage. However, as (1) the cost of renewable electricity is declining rapidly, (2) carbon capture and storage has not materialized yet, and (3) and more and more countries set deep emission reduction targets, electricity- and hydrogen-based steelmaking has gathered substantial momentum over the past half-decade. Given the short time frame and the sector's deep carbon lock-in, there is an urgent need to understand the national climate and energy policy as well as the current implementation of low-CO2 and renewable electricity that would enable a shift from coal-based to electricity-based steelmaking. In this paper, we first identify the countries that are likely to be major steel producers in the future and thus major CO2-emitters. Then we map medium- and long-term CO2 reduction and renewable targets as well as the current share of low-CO2 and renewable electricity by country. Based on these data, we develop a set of indicators that map the readiness of steel-producing countries for a sustainable transition. Our findings show that although binding long-term CO2 reduction targets are being implemented, medium-term CO2 reduction do not yet affect coal based steel production. Overall, the global steel industry seems not be on track yet, though differences between steel producing countries are large. Common shortcomings across countries are a lack of access to renewable electricity and a lack of demanding medium-term CO2 reduction targets. The paper ends with recommendations on how to enable a low-carbon transition of the global steel industry in line with the Paris Agreement.
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| 4. |
- Jakob, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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How trade policy can support the climate agenda
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 376:6600, s. 1401-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic analysis has produced ample insights on how international trade and climate policy interact. Trade presents both opportunities and obstacles, and invites the question of how domestic climate policies can be effective in a global economy integrated through international trade. Particularly problematic is the potential relocation of production to regions with low climate standards. Measures to level the playing field, such as border carbon adjustments (BCAs), may be justified for specific emissions-intensive and trade-exposed sectors but need to be well-targeted, carefully navigating tensions that can arise between the desire to respect global trade rules and the need to elaborate and implement effective national climate policies. The conformity of specific trade measures with international trade and climate change law is not entirely clear. Yet, clarity is needed to ensure that the industry actors affected will find the rules predictable and be able to adhere to them.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Singh, Navdeep, et al.
(författare)
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Utilization of industrial and agricultural by-products in blended cement mortars – creating an effort of circular economy in Indian cement industry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings : Decarbonise Industry! 2020 - Decarbonise Industry! 2020. - 2001-7987 .- 2001-7979. - 9789198387865 ; 2020-September, s. 91-100
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- India stands in second place as a manufacturer of cement in the world, accounting for over 8 % of the worldwide mounted capacity until the end of the year 2018. It is estimated that the production of the cement will touch 550 Mt by the year 2020 and will reach more than 600 Mt by 2025. Up to the year 2015, the total emissions of CO2 from cement sector in India have touched the level of around 150 Mt in comparison to an amount of 52 Mt emitted in the year 2013. This amount of generation has been projected to increase by 9 %–10 % annually up to the year 2025. The boosting demand for construction activities results in incessant growth of the sector along with alarming environmental consequences and non-sustainability in the cement industry. Utilization of the various industrial and agricultural by-products as an alternative form of binder in the cement can reduce the perilous environmental impacts and their practice will further offer an auxiliary solution in fetching the concept of circular economy in the surging cement industry. Blended types of cement made up of industrial and agricultural by-products can successfully replace the limestone-based clinkers. The adoption of such practice could offer a significant reduction in CO2 emissions approximately by 20 %. On the other hand, the abundant generation and the efficient utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes primarily having binder qualities similar to that of cement has set up a new challenge in the construction industry. Next to a review of industrial and agricultural clinker substitutes, this contribution estimates the impact of these clinker substitutes on CO2 reduction in the Indian cement industry up to 2050.
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| 7. |
- Åhman, Max, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial electrification and access to electricity at competitive prices - Review of climate and energy policy influence on electricity prices for industry and future implications for industrial electrification
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The electrification of industry is driven by the rapidly decreasing price of renewable electricity, together with the need for deep decarbonisation. Electricity can replace fossil fuels in most industrial processes. An important aspect of making electricity attractive to industry is the price, and several of the recently formulated industrial road maps identify access to competitive priced electricity as a key component in a future industrial climate policy. First, w e present an analysis of the electricity prices paid by European industries, and the way in which they have been affected by climate and energy policy during the past 10 years. After that, we also discuss the possible interplay between a future electricity system dominated by renewables and industry and the need for infrastructure development. The combined effect of policy interventions over the past 10 years has reduced the cost of electricity for energy-intensive industries and helped to maintain the electricity cost at an internationally comparable level. The cost of the transition to renewables has been borne by smaller electricity consumers. In the future, industry can play a major and more active role on the electricity market through demand response, sector coupling and storage options. This can be enabled by a concerted effort to repurpose old and develop new infrastructures. The way in which policy is designed will have considerable influence on who bears the cost of this development, and thus on the development of industrial electricity demand and integration.
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| 8. |
- Åhman, Max, et al.
(författare)
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International cooperation for decarbonizing energy intensive industries: the case for a Green Materials Club
- 2022
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Ingår i: HANDBOOK ON TRADE POLICY AND CLIMATE CHANGE. - 9781839103230 ; , s. 108-125
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Basic materials are traded globally and responsible for roughly 22 % of global carbon emissions. It is technically possible for the energy intensive industries (EIIs) that produce these materials to reach zero emission, but at a cost. So far, the fear of carbon leakage has been a barrier for implementing ambitious domestic climate policies that targets theses globally traded commodities. The introduction of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) for levelling the global playing field has been suggested to ameliorate these concerns. However, another way is to focus more on innovation, adopting green industrial policies and to cooperate internationally for developing technologies for net zero EIIs. In this chapter we explore the opportunities for enhanced cooperation for enabling deep decarbonisation for EIIs and how that links to BCAs. We argue for establishing a green materials club focussing on long-term technology development and discusses limitation and opportunities for this approach. A green materials club could ease the conflicts between trade and ambitious climate policy and complement BCAs.
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| 9. |
- Åhman, Max, et al.
(författare)
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International cooperation for decarbonizing energy intensive industries – Towards a Green Materials Club : A working paper on sectoral cooperative approaches
- 2020. - 117
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The energy intensive industry, producing basic materials, is responsible for 25 to 30% of today's global greenhouse gas emissions. The future supply of GHG neutral basic materials (e.g. steel, cement, aluminium, plastics, etc.) is a necessity for building a sustainable modern society. Deep decarbonisation of the energy intensive industries is technically possible but will require a major systemic shift in production processes and energy carriers used, which will require large public support in the form of subsidies and high carbon prices. A key barrier for implementing ambitious climate policies targeting energy intensive industries is the inherent conflict between the global nature of energy intensive industries and the existing climate policy framework that is based on nation states taking action according to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”. This approach could lead to carbon leakage and the introduction of carbon trade measures has been the default proposition from academics to ameliorate these concerns. However, another way is to define the task of decarbonizing EIIs as a global task and not as a purely national matter and to cooperate internationally. In this paper we analyse what it takes to decarbonize energy intensive industry and what implications this transition can have for trade. From here we explore the opportunities for enhanced cooperation for deep decarbonisation for EIIs within the Paris Agreement. We argue for international cooperation by establishing a green materials club that would focus on long-term technology development. This could be a viable way to ease the current shortterm conflicts and mitigate the need for carbon tariffs. However, a green materials club should still be a part of a wider discussion around what is considered fair trade practices under the climate convention and how this relates to national interest and industrial policy for the decarbonisation of basic materials production.
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