| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bergemalm-Rynell, kerstin, 1949, et al.
(författare)
-
Laboratory and field evaluation of a diffusive sampler for measuring halogenated anesthetic compounds
- 2008
-
Ingår i: J Environ Monit. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325. ; 10, s. 1172-78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anesthetic gases such as desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane are used on a daily basis in operating theaters. Active sampling has historically been used to control the level of exposure to personnel. SKC 575-002 is a diffusive passive sampler filled with Anasorb 747. We validated this sampler in both laboratory and field experiments. Parameters tested were desorption efficiency, concentration, sampling time, relative humidity, and reverse diffusion, as well as storage stability for up to 8 weeks. Uptake rates were achieved by comparison with active sampling for each passive sampling trial of 1, 4, or 8 h. Analysis and detection were performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of time, concentration, dose, and relative humidity. In the field evaluation experiments, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were estimated. In the laboratory experiments, no problems were found with storage stability or reverse diffusion. The sampling rates for the five anesthetics vary, however, with exposure time and exposure level, with generally higher uptake rates at low concentrations and short sampling times. In the field experiments there was high agreement between the active and passive samplers for halothane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane (ICC > 0.83). When performing whole-day workplace measurements (TWA measurements) the SKC 575-002 can be recommended, and at levels around 1 ppm the following uptake rates should be used: enflurane and halothane, 12.3 mL min−1; desflurane, 13.6 mL min−1; isoflurane, 12.0 mL min−1; and sevoflurane, 11.9 mL min−1.
|
|
| 3. |
- Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Inhalation toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1091-7691 .- 0895-8378. ; 24:1, s. 47-59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. Materials and Methods: Thirteen subjects were exposed to filtered air and to wood smoke from the start-up phase and the burn-out phase of the wood-burning cycle. Levels of PM(2.5) were 295 µg/m(3) and 146 µg/m(3), number concentrations 140 000/cm(3) and 100 000/cm(3). Biomarkers in blood, breath and urine were measured before and on several occasions after exposure. Effects of wood smoke exposure were assessed adjusting for results with filtered air. Results: After exposure to wood smoke from the start-up, but not the burn-out session, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) increased in serum after 4 hours, and in urine the next morning. CC16 showed a clear diurnal variation. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) increased after wood smoke exposure from the burn-out phase, but partly due to a decrease after exposure to filtered air. No other airway markers increased. Conclusions: The results indicate that relatively low levels of wood smoke exposure induce effects on airways. Effects on airway epithelial permeability was shown for the start-up phase of wood burning, while FENO increased after the burn-out session. CC16 seems to be a sensitive marker of effects of air pollution both in serum and urine, but its function and the significance need to be clarified.
|
|
| 4. |
- Strandberg, Bo, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of three types of passive samplers for measuring 1,3-butadiene and benzene at workplaces
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887. ; 16:5, s. 1008-1014
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1,3-Butadiene and benzene are common pollutants in both workplace and ambient air and have received attention for their adverse effects on human health. In exposure studies, simple and sensitive personal monitoring methods are preferable. Thermal desorption passive samplers seem optimal for this purpose, although in occupational studies chemical desorption samplers have been used more often. This may be because their utility for monitoring occupational atmospheres has not been thoroughly validated. Therefore, we evaluated thermal desorption passive samplers containing Carbopack Chi adsorbent from three manufacturers: Perkin Elmer, SKC-Ultra and Radiello. The uptake rates of benzene and 1,3-butadiene by these samplers were determined over 4 h or 8 h in exposure chamber studies at three concentrations likely to be found in occupational air. The samplers were also tested in a field study, at a petroleum refinery. The results were analyzed using multiple linear regression, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to compare uptake rates of the three passive samplers to those of an active sampler. The three samplers had similar and acceptable accuracy (ICC >= 0.9) for measuring benzene concentrations in the field environments, but only the Perkin Elmer sampler gave acceptable ICC values (similar to 0.85) for 1,3-butadiene over a full 8 h working shift in the field test. The results indicate that passive thermal desorption monitors can provide considerably lower limits of detection than chemical desorption monitors after 4-8 h sampling time, even down to environmental background concentrations, enabling comparison with measurements in ambient air.
|
|
| 5. |
- Wierzbicka, Aneta, et al.
(författare)
-
Detailed diesel exhaust characteristics including particle surface area and lung deposited dose for better understanding of health effects in human chamber exposure studies
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 86, s. 212-219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several diesel exhaust (DE) characteristics, comprising both particle and gas phase, recognized as important when linking with health effects, are not reported in human chamber exposure studies. In order to understand effects of DE on humans there is a need for better characterization of DE when performing exposure studies. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify detailed DE characteristics during human chamber exposure. Additionally to compare to reported DE properties in conducted human exposures. A wide battery of particle and gas phase measurement techniques have been used to provide detailed DE characteristics including the DE particles (DEP) surface area, fraction and dose deposited in the lungs, chemical composition of both particle and gas phase such as NO, NO2, CO, CO2, volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes, benzene, toluene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Eyes, nose and throat irritation effects were determined. Exposure conditions with PM1 (<1 mu m) mass concentration 280 mu g m(-3), number concentration 4 x 10(5) cm(-3) and elemental to total carbon fraction of 82% were generated from a diesel vehicle at idling. When estimating the lung deposited dose it was found that using the size dependent effective density (in contrast to assuming unity density) reduced the estimated respiratory dose by 132% by mass. Accounting for agglomerated structure of DEP prevented underestimation of lung deposited dose by surface area by 37% in comparison to assuming spherical particles. Comparison of DE characteristics reported in conducted chamber exposures showed that DE properties vary to a great extent under the same DEP mass concentration and engine load. This highlights the need for detailed and standardized approach for measuring and reporting of DE properties. Eyes irritation effects, most probably caused by aldehydes in the gas phase, as well as nose irritation were observed at exposure levels below current occupational exposure limit values given for exhaust fumes. Reporting detailed DE characteristics that include DEP properties (such as mass and number concentration, size resolved information, surface area, chemical composition, lung deposited dose by number, mass and surface) and detailed gas phase including components known for their carcinogenic and irritation effect (e.g. aldehydes, benzene, PAHs) can help in determination of key parameters responsible for observed health effects and comparison of chamber exposure studies. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
