| 1. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2004
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated bythe Environmental Protection Agency in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to serve as reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance levelof 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor, liver somatic index (LSI) andfat content are monitored at all sites. At some few sites, integrated monitoring with fishphysiology and population are running in co-operation with the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 20 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality, long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at thebeginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower leftcorner.
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| 2. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2006
- 2006
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to supply reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance level of5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable5material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor (CF), liver somatic index(LSI) and fat content are monitored at all sites. At a few sites, integrated monitoring withfish physiology and population are running in co-operation with the University ofGothenburg and the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 25 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high qualityand long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at the beginningof each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower left corner.
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| 3. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2008
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedish contaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: the Department of Applied Environmental Science at Stockholm University (analyses of organochlorines), the Department of Environmental Assessment at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (analyses of heavy metals), Department of Chemistry at Umeå University (analyses of PCDD/PCDF) and the Department of Contaminant Research at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation, recording of biological variables, storage of frozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies, data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigated contaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes and may cause toxic effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biota could be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biota from several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts. The goal is to describe the general contaminant load and to supply reference values for regional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges of various contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’- character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of banned contaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significance level of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern of e.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fish species like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish Food Administration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish Radiation Protection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM, 1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematically collected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today as well as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also the development of biological variables like e.g. condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI) and fat content are monitored at all sites. At a few sites, integrated monitoring with fish physiology and population are running in co-operation with the University of Gothenburg and the Swedish Board of Fisheries.• experiences from the national programme with several time series of over 25 years can be used in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality and long time series is further used to explore relationships among biological variables and contaminant concentrations in various tissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance components and the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is an indispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning the fate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’ data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general and in the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the national monitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmes within ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota and summarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give the background or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasing concentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for some contaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caught at the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentration between tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something about the relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoring programmes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised in the 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences may not reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature, salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at the beginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower left corner.
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| 4. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Miljögifter och metaller i biologiskt material från marin miljö
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A short summary of the results up to year 2002/03 is given below. Graphical presentations,tables and details are given in the following chapters. A summary of the estimatedconcentrations up to 2002/03 is given in table 23.3.•The condition of herring in the Baltic is decreasing in almost all autumn time series. Atthe same time fat content is decreasing in herring from Harufjärden, Landsort andUtlängan (autumn and spring).•Lead concentrations in herring, cod and perch livers are decreasing in almost all timeseries from both the Swedish west coast and the Baltic.•The increasing trends of cadmium concentrations in herring liver from the Baltic Properand from the Bothnian Sea reported for the period 1980 to 1997 seems to havestopped.In herring from Ängskärsklubb a significant decrease can be seen for the last ten years,and in the time series from Landsort there is also indications of this decrease.•Cadmium concentrations in blue mussels from the Baltic Proper are about 5 timeshigherthan the suggested background levels for the North Sea and 3 times higher thanthe mussel samples from Fladen and Väderöarna.•HCH’s are decreasing at almost all sites with a time serie long enough to permit astatistical trend analysis.•HCB is decreasing in herring, cod and guillemot from the Baltic Proper and also inherring and cod at the Swedish westcoast. However, some relativelyhighconcentrationshave been detected in the last years, and it looks like the decrease islevelling out.•TCDD-equivalents have not decreased in herring at Harufjärden, Karlskrona andFladen during the investigated timeperiod 1990-1999. There is a significant decrease ofthese substances in guillemot eggs from St Karlsö between 1970 and the middle of the80-ies after that, the decrease has levelled out.
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| 5. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Temporal trends of Swedish environmental and human milk concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs, with forecasts to 2040
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report deals with temporal trends of measured concentrations of representative congenersof dioxin-like PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) (here together called dioxins) inbiological samples from the Swedish marine and freshwater environment together with humanmilk and food.Dioxins are well-known for causing cancer, severe reproductive and developmental problems,damage the immune system and for interfering with hormonal systems. Dioxin exposure hasfurther been suggested to induce birth defects, reduced sperm counts, diabetes, learningdisabilities, immune system suppression, lung problems, skin disorders, lowered testosteronelevels and more.The data originates from national monitoring programs on contaminants financed by theSwedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and accomplished by the Swedish FoodAgency (SFA), the Swedish Museum of Natural History (SMNH) and Stockholm University(SU). Temporal trends of the abovementioned chemicals have been studied, also, the trendshave been extrapolated in an attempt to forecast the situation during the coming 20 years.The present report focus on temporal trends and longer time series (often more than 2decades). Compilations that covers also shorter time-series, relations between variousbiological samples and geographical distribution can be found elsewhere. A thorough studydescribing the dioxin situation in the Baltic was carried out by the Swedish EPA 2013(Wiberg et al., 2013).
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| 6. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 74:11, s. 1457-1462
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The official control programme for organochlorine (OC) contaminants in food producing animals in Sweden was used to study temporal and spatial trends of the polychlorinated biphenyl CB 153, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from bovines and swine 1991-2004. Our results show that efforts to decrease OC contamination of animal feed and the environment have had a positive impact on the contamination of the animal production. OC concentrations declined significantly in almost all studied regions of Sweden. OC temporal trends were slower in bovines (6-8% per year) than in swine (10-12%). Power analyses showed that data from more than 10 years of sampling were needed for a detection of an annual OC level change of 5% in both species in the control programme, due to large within- and between-year variation in OC levels. CB 153 and p,p'-DDE levels were higher in southern than in northern Sweden. Levels decreased with age in milk cows, but not in young nulliparous cows (heifers) and bulls. Moreover, milk cows and bulls had significantly lower OC levels than heifers. Levels were not age-dependent among swine, but castrated male swine (barrows) had significantly lower OC levels than young female swine (gilts). Levels of the studied OCs are now in many cases below the LOQ of the analytical method used. Future time trend studies of these OCs thus depend on lowered LOQs in the control programme.
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| 7. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Jämförelser av tidstrender av miljöföroreningarna PCBer, HCB, dioxiner, bromerade flamskyddsmedel och perfluorerade alkylsyror i biota och människa – vilka faktorer bidrar till skillnader?
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Naturvårdsverket har under flera decennier, inom den nationella miljöövervakningen, undersökt tidstrender av bioackumulerande/biomagnifierande organiska miljöföroreningar (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) i biota och människor, eftersom POPs kan utgöra hälsorisker för djur och människor. Ett viktigt syfte med detta monitoreringsprogram är att följa miljötillståndet i Sverige. Programmet används också för att följa upp resultat av de åtgärder som vidtagits nationellt och internationellt för att begränsa POP-förororeningen av miljön. I denna rapport undersöks tidstrender av POPs i människor från Sverige (modersmjölk och blodserum), sillgrisslor från Östersjön (ägg) och sill/strömming (muskel och lever) från svenska ost- och västkusten, och dessa trender kopplas samman med de viktigaste nationella/internationella åtgärderna (lagstiftning, råd/rekommendationer, frivilliga åtgärder, mm) som införts för att begränsa utsläppen i miljön. Syftet är att undersöka om det finns samband mellan åtgärder och förändringar av tidstrender i biota och människor. De studerade POPs omfattar industrikemikalierna polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB), de oavsiktligt bildade föroreningarna polyklorerade dibenso-para-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PCDD/F), fungiciden hexaklorbensen (HCB), de bromerade flamskyddsmedlen (BFR) polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) och hexabromcyklododekan (HBCDD), och industrikemikalierna per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS).Resultaten visar att nationella/internationella förbud av produktion och användning av PCB och HCB relativt snabbt resulterade i minskande halter i alla studerade matriser. Liknande effekter observerades efter mer eller mindre frivilliga utfasningar av produktion och användning av vissa BFR och PFAS. Halterna av PCDD/F, som förekom som förorening i tekniska PCB-blandningar, minskade också efter att förbud mot PCB-produktion och användning infördes. Detta visar att eliminering av primära källor för utsläpp i miljön är en mycket effektiv åtgärd, som relativt snabbt leder till sjunkande halter i biota och människor även när det gäller så pass svårnedbrytbara substanser som de studerade POPs.När de flesta viktiga primära källorna har eliminerats finns det dock sekundära källor som kan vara mycket svårare, eller helt omöjliga, att eliminera. Detta illustreras av HCB, som för närvarande tycks öka i vissa delar av den svenska miljön. Det har föreslagits att detta fenomen till viss del beror på avdunstning av HCB från förorenad mark i områden som har haft en historiskt högre användning av fungiciden än i Sverige. När det avdunstade HCB med vindarna når Sverige sker en deposition på grund av ett kallare klimat. Diffusa primära källor för PCDD/F, som nu tycks dominera i Sverige, är också svåra att åtgärda, vilket kan förklara varför minskningen av halterna i flera av de studerade matriserna nu verkar gå långsammare än tidigare.Resultaten visar också att stegvis eliminering av produktion och användning av några få substanser i taget inom en grupp av POPs är ineffektivt ur miljömässig synvinkel. Detta exemplifieras av de studerade BFR och PFAS, som i motsats till PCB inte har reglerats gruppvis. Stegvisa åtgärder ger en mycket mer utdragen förbättringsprocess i miljön, där minskande halter av reglerade substanser motverkas av ökande halter av oreglerade substanser med liknande egenskaper. För att undvika denna, ur miljöns synvinkel, utdragna process bör ämnen med liknande egenskaper inom en POP-grupp regleras samtidigt.För vissa av de undersökta POPs har olika delar av den svenska miljön ”svarat” olika snabbt på vidtagna åtgärder. För tetra-pentaBDE vändes en ökning av halter till en minskning mer än 10 år tidigare i sillgrissla och strömming/sill än i modersmjölk. Även om det inte klart går att bevisa, så kan detta bero på att det vidtogs regionala åtgärder i ett tidigt skede som hade positiv effekt på utsläpp i Östersjön utan att nämnvärt påverka den svenska befolkningens exponering. Tidstrenderna i modersmjölk följde istället i hög grad förändringarna i världsproduktion av dessa PBDE.De retrospektiva studierna av BFR och PFAS trender visar att en oreglerad ökning av världsproduktion och -användning har resulterat i exponentiella ökningar av föroreningen av den svenska miljön. Det är därför av yttersta vikt att reglerande myndigheter/organisationer och industrin tillsammans anstränger sig att införa effektiva och snabba åtgärder på global nivå som minimerar risken för framtida miljöproblem orsakade av hittills ”okända” substansgrupper med POP-liknande egenskaper.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Glynn, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Blood Serum from Primiparous Women in Sweden : Serial Sampling during Pregnancy and Nursing, And Temporal Trends 1996-2010
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 46:16, s. 9071-9079
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996-2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, including cord blood (N = 19). PFAA levels in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy and the nursing period as well as in cord blood were strongly correlated. Strongest correlations between cord blood levels and maternal levels were observed for maternal serum sampled shortly before or after the delivery (r = 0.70-0.89 for PFOS and PFOA). A similar pattern was observed for PFNA, although the correlations were less strong due to levels close to the method detection limit in cord blood.
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| 10. |
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