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- Daraojimba, Kingsley Chinedu, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding Space and Time at Igbo-Ukwu: Insights from Recent Fieldwork
- 2022
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Ingår i: African Archaeological Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0263-0338 .- 1572-9842. ; 39, s. 437-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the results of fieldwork conducted at Igbo-Ukwu in 2019 and 2021 aimed at expanding the temporal and spatial record of the ancient settlement. Local participation and public engagement are central to the project, which has yielded a new dataset that enhances our understanding of the archaeological and landscape contexts of Thurstan Shaw’s pioneering investigations. Extending southward by 2 km from the sites of Igbo Richard, Igbo Isaiah, and Igbo Jonah, a large ceramic assemblage of Igbo-Ukwu ware was recovered in four of our five areas of investigation. For the two areas discussed in this article, substantial quantities of cultural materials came from stratified contexts. From these, three radiocarbon dates fall between the end of the ninth and the second half of the thirteenth centuries CE. This article introduces various pilot studies conducted on samples collected from recent excavations. Soil analyses (pH and particle size distribution) indicate the presence of mostly acidic soils and differential preservation potential. Multi-method analysis of pottery from excavated trenches, including multivariate analysis and elemental (pXRF) measurements, recorded similar fabrics but with varying color and chemical compositions. Archaeobotanical analysis on samples from the new excavations reveals the presence of wood charcoal and, for the first time, remains of Vitex sp. and the palm oil tree associated with Igbo-Ukwu cultural deposits. This project has garnered new data on material culture, spatial distribution, subsistence, and environment. Thus, the research has demonstrated that a multi-scaler approach that combines various recovery and analytic methods may provide valuable insights into aspects of Igbo-Ukwu’s past.
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| 3. |
- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
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| 4. |
- Roslund, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Tacit Knowing of Thralls : Style Negotiation and Hybridization among the Unfree in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Archaeologies of Cultural Contact : At the Interface - At the Interface. - : Oxford University PressOxford. - 9780199693948 - 9780191964954 ; , s. 211-236
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, cultural transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians from ca 900 to 1250 is discussed. Cultural identity and identity negotiation through style are topics often studied in higher social strata of societies. Emblemic style is maintained and displayed in jewellery or other eye-catching parts of the material culture to distinguish oneself in relation to others. However, the construction and negotiation of identities occur on all social levels within a population, including neglected and disrespected individuals. Such a group is the unfree in Late Viking Age and High Medieval Scandinavia. Slavery was culturally and economically embedded in agricultural as well as artisanal production until it was legally discarded in 1335. Thraels and ambátts, the female term for slave, are not easily discerned as a social category in archaeological sources. However, it is possible to argue that they were responsible for the production of every day ceramics on the household level. They can be observed at least until the professionalisation of pottery production in the beginning of the 13th century. By the turn of the Millenium 1000 AD, pottery style changed radically in eastern Denmark and southern Sweden. For centuries, simple cooking- and storage pots were made without significant attention to style. The rearrangement to Slav style ceramics was a technological as well as stylistic and social change within society. By using a non-hierarchic typology it is possible to discern processes of hybridisation between unfree Slavs and Scandinavians. Regional production- and consumption patterns emerge, revealing political and economic differences between territories in Sweden. Hidden in the archaeological observations is a process revealing the acceptance of Slav traditions, thus challenging our view of a homogenous Scandinavian society in the Late Viking Age. Theories on agency and style transfer are often referred to as a part of the structuration processes within groups. These perspectives do not adequately answer the question how the transfer occurs on a human level. To grasp the intricate process of identity negotiation we must consider the temporal and social premises. The societal meanings of the objects must be defined and acknowledged. Pottery for household consumption is not displayed in a conspicuous way. Sooted and hidden in the storage rooms it is handled by the lowliest persons in Late Viking Age and High Medieval society, ambátts or female slaves. When a change occur in this social context we may suspect not so much peer interaction as individuals living in close quarters, observing and learning by doing. Michael Polanyis theoretical approach on tacit knowledge is used as a possible means to understand how the Slav-Scandinavian encounter resulted in hybridity and social change.
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