| 1. |
- Berglind, Rune, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC-ACID DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITY, GROWTH, HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT, AND REPRODUCTION IN DAPHNIA-MAGNA
- 1985
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Ingår i: ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY. - 0147-6513. ; 9:2, s. 216-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of continuous exposure to lead for various periods and recovery in clean water on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, hemoglobin content, growth, and reproduction were studied in Daphnia magna. Steady-state inhibition of ALA-D activity was reached within 2 days in 16, 64, and 256 μg Pb liter−1, but restoration in clean water was prolonged in relation to previous exposure. In spite of the inhibition of ALA-D activity hemoglobin content increased after 2 days in 16 and 24 μg Pb liter−1. Furthermore, hemoglobin content in previously exposed animals increased during recovery in clean water. Maximum hemoglobin content (2.9 times control value) was found after 2 days recovery of animals exposed to 64 μg Pb liter−1. These findings suggest that some enzyme(s) other than ALA-D in the biosynthetic pathway of hemoglobin formation is (are) more sensitive to lead. Growth, in contrast to reproduction, was stimulated by low concentrations of lead (<64 μg Pb liter−1), although in 256 μg Pb liter−1 growth was also significantly impaired. After 19 days the 16 and 50% reproductive impairment concentrations were ⩽1 and 10 μg Pb liter−1, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of cortisol on the fatty acid composition of the total blood plasma lipids in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L.
- 1979
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. - 1095-6433. ; 64:1, s. 37-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.1. Fatty acid composition of plasma total lipids was studied in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L., 1, 4 and 14 days after daily intraperitoneal injections of cortisol (5 mg cortisol-21-phosphate-Na-salt/kg b.w.). 2.2. Cortisol treatment resulted in an elevated percentage of 18:0∗, 20:4 and 20:5 together with a lowered percentage of 16:1 and 18:1, and a lowered plasma lipid triglyceride-phospholipid molar ratio. 3.3. The results suggest that cortisol has a stimulating action on the breakdown of triglycerides and on the metabolism of fatty acids.
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| 3. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of insulin on the fatty acid composition of the total blood plasma lipids in the european EEL, Anguilla anguilla L
- 1979
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. - 1095-6433. ; 62:3, s. 649-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.1. The fatty acid composition of plasma total lipids in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L., was studied 3, 10, 24, 96, 168 and 336 hr after i.p. injection of bovine insulin (100 i.u./kg body wt) dissolved in glycine-NaOH buffer solution. Control eels were treated by buffer solution only. 2.2. The insulin-treated eels showed an elevated percentage of palmitoleic acid (16:1) 3 and 336 hr post-injection compared to buffer-treated control eels. 3.3. Insulin caused a significant decrease in the percentage of oleic acid (18:1) 336 hr post-injection. 4.4. Besides the observations mentioned above insulin was not found to have any pronounced effects on the fatty acid composition of total blood plasma lipids.
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| 4. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic and hematological effects of starvation in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L.—I. Carbohydrate, lipid, protein and inorganic ion metabolism
- 1975
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. - 1095-6433. ; 52:3, s. 423-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.The effects of starvation on different metabolities in blood, liver and muscle and the level of cortisol and some inorganic ions in plasma were studied in eels, Anguilla anguilla L., after 11, 47, 96 and 164 days. 2.During the first 96 days the eels apparently used mainly liver and muscle triglycerides and this utilization was accompanied by an increase in water content. 3.Between 47 and 96 days the levels of blood glucose and muscle glycogen increased followed by a decrease. 4.Between 96 and 164 days there was a marked decrease in liver glycogen and plasma protein while the triglyceride and water content of liver and muscle was unaffected. 5.The alterations in cholesterol and phospholipids and the possible role of LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase) in the regulation of these parameters is discussed. 6.During the entire starvation period the level of inorganic phosphate in blood plasma decreased and the level of blood lactate, plasma sodium and plasma cortisol increased. 7.The plasma chloride initially decreased followed by an increase after 96 days. These alterations in plasma chloride are discussed in relation to hematological studies and the level of plasma protein.
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| 5. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic and hematological effects of starvation in the european eel, Anguilla anguilla L.—III. Fatty acid composition
- 1976
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. - 1096-4959 .- 1879-1107. ; 53:4, s. 509-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.1. Fatty acid composition in liver and muscle was studied in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) after 11, 47, 96 and 164 days of starvation during the winter season. 2.2. The changes in muscle were small compared with those in liver. 3.3. In both liver and muscle there was a marked decrease in 14:0.∗ 4.4. In the liver starvation caused a decrease in 16:1, 18:1, 20:1 and/or 18:3 and an increase in 20:4, 20:5, 22:4 and 22:5. 5.5. The observed changes are discussed in relation to differences in distributional pattern among the lipid classes, to α- and β-positional preferences and to environmental temperature.
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| 6. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic and hematological studies on the yellow and silver phases of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L.—II. Fatty acid composition
- 1974
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Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. - 1096-4959 .- 1879-1107. ; 43:3, s. 583-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1.1. Fatty acid composition in liver, muscle and gonads of yellow and silver phases of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). 2.2. Significantly higher amounts of were found in the gonads of silver eels compared to yellow eels. 3.3. In the gonads of silver eels the amounts of the unsaturated acids, palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2), were significantly higher while the amount of palmitic acid (16:0) was significantly lower. 4.4. In the liver the amount of stearic (18:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) was significantly lower, while the amount of linoleic acid (18:2) was significantly higher in the silver phase.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ek, Helene, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Fate and effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from dumped ammunition in a field study with fish and invertebrates
- 2006
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Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 51:2, s. 244-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the major explosive ingredient in ammunition dumped into lakes and sea after World War II. The aim of the present field study was to study the fate and effect of TNT and its degradation products from dumped ammunition. Artillery shells were cleaved longitudinally to expose TNT and placed in open boxes filled with sediment, and then placed at the sea bottom. Sediment samples were taken in each box at the start and after 3, 9, 13, 20, 24, 33, and 36 months, and the sediments were tested for toxicity with bioassays using Nitocra spinipes (96 h), Hyalella azteca (96 h), and Daphnia magna (24 and 48 h). The result from the bioassays showed no impact of dumped ammunition on the survival of H. azteca and mobility of D. magna. Bioassays with N. spinipes showed significant differences in toxicity between control boxes and boxes with shells after 9 months and thereafter. The mean mortality (+/- SD) of N. spinipes in boxes with shells was 63 +/- 22%, and the mortality in control boxes was 23 +/- 17%. No continuous increase in sediment toxicity over time was found. After 3 years, cages with European flounder (Platichtys flesus) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were attached to the boxes. The fish were examined for biochemical and physiological effects 8 weeks later. Exposure to ammunition, which had rested on the sea bottom 3 years, caused no significant effects on body indices, hematological variables, and detoxification and antioxidant enzymes activities in the flounder. The sediment, bile, and blood plasma of exposed fish, and hepatopancreas of exposed mussels, contained no detectable levels of TNT and its metabolites. Only minor disappearance of TNT from the shells could be detected by visual inspection on site (by scuba divers). This study suggests that the survival of sensitive benthic organisms, e.g., N. spinipes, might be negatively affected at an ammunition dumping site.
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| 9. |
- Ek, Helene, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Tentative biomarkers for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 72:3, s. 221-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the major explosive in ammunition dumped into lakes and the sea after World War II. To identify useful biomarkers of TNT-exposure for forthcoming fish monitoring studies at ammunition dumping sites, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneal (i.p.) injected with TNT in peanut oil at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg TNT/kg body weight and sampled 72 h later. The study covered blood parameters, and hepatic antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Fish treated with TNT had an increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and a decreased percentage of oxidised glutathione (%GSSG) compared to the control group. In addition to increased methemoglobin, the increased glutathione and glutathione dependent enzyme activities indicate that TNT oxidises macromolecules and activates antioxidant defence systems which may be useful as general biomarkers of TNT-exposure. The fish bile was analysed for TNT and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the toxicity of the bile was determined with the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. A dose-dependent increase in TNT, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) was found in the hydrolysed bile of the TNT-treated fish. These results indicate that the fish are able to detoxify and excrete TNT and suggest that the detection of TNT, 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT in bile may be suitable as a direct marker of exposure to TNT. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Ek, Helene, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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TNT leakage through sediment to water and toxicity to Nitocra spinipes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513. ; 67:3, s. 341-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fate and effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at marine ammunition dumping sites are essentially unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the release from solid TNT to seawater when covered by sediment of two different types (sandy and fine-grained) and thickness (0, 1, 2, and 4 cm), under different temperatures (5, 10, and 20 °C), and light conditions (ambient daylight and darkness) in the laboratory. The water column was analysed for TNT and some of its common transformation products, and toxicity to the copepod Nitocra spinipes after 1, 2, 4, 8, 19, and 32 weeks. Leakage of TNT to seawater and the toxicity to N. spinipes was significantly reduced by sediment burial, especially in fine-grained sediment. Hence, this study suggests that adverse effects of TNT in dumped ammunition on aquatic organisms should be delayed/reduced at low temperature and when TNT is covered sediment, especially with fine-grained sediment.
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