| 1. |
- Boxall, A. B. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: What Are the Big Questions?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 120:9, s. 1221-1229
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Over the past 10-15 years, a substantial amount of work has been done by the scientific, regulatory, and business communities to elucidate the effects and risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment. OBJECTIVE: This review was undertaken to identify key outstanding issues regarding the effects of PPCPs on human and ecological health in order to ensure that future resources will be focused on the most important areas. DATA SOURCES: To better understand and manage the risks of PPCPs in the environment, we used the "key question" approach to identify the principle issues that need to be addressed. Initially, questions were solicited from academic, government, and business communities around the world. A list of 101 questions was then discussed at an international expert workshop, and a top-20 list was developed. Following the workshop, workshop attendees ranked the 20 questions by importance. DATA SYNTHESIS: The top 20 priority questions fell into seven categories: a) prioritization of substances for assessment, b) pathways of exposure, c) bioavailability and uptake, a effects characterization, e) risk and relative risk, f) antibiotic resistance, and g) risk management. CONCLUSIONS: A large body of information is now available on PPCPs in the environment. This exercise prioritized the most critical questions to aid in development of future research programs on the topic.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Schmidtke, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Attempted suicide in Europe : rates, trends and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide.
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 93:5, s. 327-38
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The World Health Organization/EURO Multicentre Project on Parasuicide is part of the action to implement target 12 of the WHO programme, "Health for All by the Year 2000', for the European region. Sixteen centres in 13 European countries are participating in the monitoring aspect of the project, in which trends in the epidemiology of suicide attempts are assessed. The highest average male age-standardized rate of suicide attempts was found for Helsinki, Finland (314/100,000), and the lowest rate (45/100,000) was for Guipuzcoa, Spain, representing a sevenfold difference. The highest average female age-standardized rate was found for Cergy-Pontoise, France (462/100,000), and the lowest (69/100,000) again for Guipuzcoa, Spain. With only one exception (Helsinki), the person-based suicide attempt rates were higher among women than among men. In the majority of centres, the highest person-based rates were found in the younger age groups. The rates among people aged 55 years or over were generally the lowest. For the majority of the centres, the rates for individuals aged 15 years or over decreased between 1989 and 1992. The methods used were primarily "soft' (poisoning) or cutting. More than 50% of the suicide attempters made more than one attempt, and nearly 20% of the second attempts were made within 12 months after the first attempt. Compared with the general population, suicide attempters more often belong to the social categories associated with social destabilization and poverty.
|
|
| 4. |
- Swindle, E. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Interferon-gamma enhances both the anti-bacterial and the pro-inflammatory response of human mast cells to Staphylococcus aureus
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0019-2805. ; 146:3, s. 470-485
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human mast cells (huMCs) are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses where they release mediators including amines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), eicosanoids and cytokines. We have reported that interferon- (IFN-gamma) enhances FcR-dependent ROS production. The aim of this study was to extend these observations by investigating the effect of IFN- on the biological responses of huMCs to Staphylococcus aureus. We found that exposure of huMCs to S.aureus generated intracellular and extracellular ROS, which were enhanced in the presence of IFN-gamma IFN-gamma also promoted bacteria killing, -hexosaminidase release and eicosanoid production. Interferon- similarly increased expression of mRNAs encoding CCL1 to CCL4, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumour necrosis factor- and CXCL8 in S.aureus-stimulated huMCs. The ability of IFN- to increase CXCL8 and GM-CSF protein levels was confirmed by ELISA. Fibronectin or a beta(1) integrin blocking antibody completely abrogated IFN-gamma-dependent S.aureus binding and reduced S.aureus-dependent CXCL8 secretion. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma primes huMCs for enhanced anti-bacterial and pro-inflammatory responses to S.aureus, partially mediated by beta(1) integrin.
|
|
