| 1. |
- Selander, Helena, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Driving simulator-based training to improve self-rating ability of driving performance in older adults - a pilot study
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the potential of using simulator-based training (SBT) to improve older drivers' self-rating ability and to compare two forms of feedback; corrective versus corrective and rewarding feedback.MethodThe study was designed to study the possibility of training for self-rated driving ability in a simulator, and the impact of corrective (errors made) feedback versus corrective (errors made) and rewarding (correct behaviour) feedback during training. In total, 21 older drivers (mean age 78.5, SD=3.9 years) were trained and assessed in the driving simulator. Driving performance was assessed by penalty scores as well as self and expert ratings.ResultsThe average deviation from correctly rated ability (own vs. expert) changed from -0.7 (under-rating) to 0.1 at the final training and assessment occasion; i.e., drivers ratings became more like the expert's rating or, in other terms, better calibrated. The individuals with the largest deviations from the expert's rating initially improved their self-rating ability the most. There were no differences between the two feedback groups in terms of their ability to self-rate, but rewarding feedback had a positive effect on penalty scores. The SBT showed positive training effects on the ability to self-rate one's driving ability, and rewarding feedback contributed to lower penalty scores. However, simulator sickness was a shortcoming that needs to be adressed, and the optimal form of feedback should be further investigated.
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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of an active steering system on city bus drivers’ muscle activity
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1080-3548 .- 2376-9130. ; , s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- City bus drivers spend hours driving under time pressure, in congested traffic and in a monotonous sitting position. This leads to unhealthy working conditions, especially in terms of physical and psychological stress. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an active steering system can alleviate the musculoskeletal stress involved in manoeuvring a bus. Twenty bus drivers drove a city bus equipped with the Volvo dynamic steering (VDS) support system in real traffic. Steering effort was evaluated with electromyography and with a questionnaire. Compared to baseline, VDS significantly reduced the required muscle activity by on average 15–25% while turning, and up to 68% in the part of the manoeuvre requiring maximum effort. The bus drivers believed that VDS will help reduce neck and shoulder problems, and they expressed a desire to have VDS installed in their own bus.
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| 3. |
- Blane, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Cognitive Ability and Simulator-Based Driving Performance in Poststroke Adults
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioural Neurology. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 0953-4180 .- 1875-8584.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving is an important activity of daily living, which is increasingly relied upon as the population ages. It has been well-established that cognitive processes decline following a stroke and these processes may influence driving performance. There is much debate on the use of off-road neurological assessments and driving simulators as tools to predict driving performance; however, the majority of research uses unlicensed poststroke drivers, making the comparability of poststroke adults to that of a control group difficult. It stands to reason that in order to determine whether simulators and cognitive assessments can accurately assess driving performance, the baseline should be set by licenced drivers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess differences in cognitive ability and driving simulator performance in licensed community-dwelling poststroke drivers and controls. Two groups of licensed drivers (37 poststroke and 43 controls) were assessed using several cognitive tasks and using a driving simulator. The poststroke adults exhibited poorer cognitive ability; however, there were no differences in simulator performance between groups except that the poststroke drivers demonstrated less variability in driver headway. The application of these results as a prescreening toolbox for poststroke drivers is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Blane, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability as a predictor of task demand and self-rated driving performance in post-stroke drivers : Implications for self-regulation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Health. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1405.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving is a highly complex task requiring multiple cognitive processes that can be adversely affected post-stroke. It is unclear how much ability post-stroke adults have to self-evaluate their driving performance. Furthermore, the impact of cognitive decline on this evaluation has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived level of task demand involved in driving tasks, and to examine differences between perceived and observed driving performance in post-stroke drivers in comparison to a control group. A further aim of the research was to investigate the influence of cognition on self-rated driving performance. A total of 78 participants (35 post-stroke and 43 controls) were assessed using a series of cognitive tasks and were observed whilst driving. Participants were asked to rate their own driving performance and the task demand involved while driving using the NASA Task Load Index. Between group analyses were conducted to determine differences in the level of self-rated performance and task demand. Further analyses were conducted to investigate whether cognition accounted for differences in task demand or self-rated performance. Overall, the results suggested that the post-stroke drivers exhibited deficits in cognition, but they did not report increased levels of task demand when driving. Post-stroke adults also rated themselves more conservatively than the controls for on-road performance, which was associated with their reduced propensity for risk. The study suggests that cognitive deficits may influence post-stroke drivers to amend their driving behaviour, in order to bring the task demand within a manageable level. Understanding the mechanisms involved in self-rated performance and estimations of task demand can help promote accurate self-regulation practices in post-stroke drivers. Furthermore, measuring calibration may assist practitioners with assessing fitness-to-drive, as well as with tailoring driving rehabilitation. © 2018.
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| 5. |
- Blane, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating cognitive ability and self-reported driving performance of post-stroke adults in a driving simulator
- 2018
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Ingår i: Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1074-9357 .- 1945-5119. ; 25:1, s. 44-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Safe driving is a complex activity that requires calibration. This means the driver can accurately assess the level of task demand required for task completion and can accurately evaluate their driving capability. There is much debate on the calibration ability of post-stroke drivers.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the cognition, self-rated performance, and estimation of task demand in a driving simulator with post-stroke drivers and controls.Methods: A between-groups study design was employed, which included a post-stroke driver group and a group of similarly aged older control drivers. Both groups were observed driving in two simulator-based driving scenarios and asked to complete the NASA Task Load Index (TLX) to assess their perceived task demand and self-rate their driving performance. Participants also completed a battery of psychometric tasks to assess attention and executive function, which was used to determine whether post-stroke cognitive impairment impacted on calibration.Results: There was no difference in the amount of perceived task demand required to complete the driving task. Despite impairments in cognition, the post-stroke drivers were not more likely to over-estimate their driving abilities than controls. On average, the post-stroke drivers self-rated themselves more poorly than the controls and this rating was related to cognitive ability.Conclusion: This study suggests that post-stroke drivers may be aware of their deficits and adjust their driving behavior. Furthermore, using self-performance measures alongside a driving simulator and cognitive assessments may provide complementary fitness-to-drive assessments, as well as rehabilitation tools during post-stroke recovery.
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| 6. |
- Broberg, Thomas K, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Safe mobility for elderly drivers-Considerations based on expert and self-assessment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 66, s. 104-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To further understand the needs of the growing population of elderly drivers and create solutions for safe mobility it is important to understand the driving scenarios and aspects in day to day traffic that may be of challenge for this group. More so, individual differences in how drivers perceive their own driving ability may have an effect on how individuals limit their mobility and/or increase their exposure to risk situations, with a potential negative effect on safety. In this study two sets of assessments have been used in order to identify scenarios and aspects needing consideration in creating safe mobility for elderly drivers; an expert assessment using on-road driving together with assessments through semi structured in-depth interviews. This combination also enables categorisation of the drivers, comparing their own perception of their driving performance with the expert assessment based on actual on-road driving. Four different categories of drivers were identified: adequate (positive), over, under and adequate (negative) estimators. A number of important aspects were identified in the study. Adapting speed to the situation and driving too fast, especially on straight roads in the city, is one aspect. Seeking the attention of other road users at intersections and roundabouts is another important consideration identified. Awareness of difficulties related to speed adaptation and attention was low amongst all the driver categories. However, a difference in attitude was seen in the categories with a more humble and acceptant attitude amongst the adequate and under estimator groups, as compared to the over estimators suggesting that the aspect of attitudes is another important factor for consideration. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Dukic Willstrand, Tania, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Collecting end-users needs regarding driver state-based automation in the ADAS&ME project
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU funded project ADAS&ME (Adaptive ADAS to support incapacitated drivers & Mitigate Effectively risks through tailor made HMI under automation) develops adapted Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. A web based survey was designed to collect the opinion of ADAS&ME end-users about automated functions that could support the driver/rider during different driving tasks. In total, 1094 persons answered the survey. The results reveal that most of the participants had heard of automated functions previously, and that about half of them also had experience using such functions. Several participants indicated concerns about data security. Furthermore, the results give an insight into how end-users perceive automation and what they see as advantages and limitations for implementation of automated driving systems corresponding to the ADAS&MEs’ goals.
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| 9. |
- Dukic Willstrand, Tania, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Driving Characteristics of Older Drivers and Their Relationship to the Useful Field of View Test
- 2017
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Ingår i: Gerontology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0304-324X .- 1423-0003. ; 63:2, s. 180-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To maintain the mobility of older people in later life, it is essential to sustain their autonomy; however, driving is a complex task, requiring a large range of visual, psychomotor and cognitive abilities. Subsequently, a key issue is to measure and evaluate the fitness to drive of older drivers. Several methods have been proposed, among them the useful field of view (UFOV) test.The present study aimed to identify driving characteristics in older drivers and the relationship between the UFOV test and the on-road driving results. A total of 80 drivers aged 70 years or older performed both the UFOV test and the on-road driving assessment. The ‘B On-Road' (Behaviour On-Road) protocol was used for the fitness-to-drive assessment. ‘Driving too fast' was the item reported most often during the on-road assessment, followed by problems with the manual gearbox and ‘attention to signs, road lines and traffic lights'. Overall, the results showed that the older the driver, the more errors were reported during the on-road driving assessment, as well as the slower the performance on the UFOV test. A significant relationship between the total number of on-road errors, as measured by the B On-Road protocol, and the UFOV 3, which stresses the capacity of selective attention, was found.The recommendation is still to use on-road driving assessment to fully assess fitness to drive for older drivers whose ability to drive requires assessment. However, to supplement this, the UFOV test, in particular the UFOV 3, is a valuable complement in selecting those drivers requiring to be assessed.
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| 10. |
- Holmquist, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Potential of HGV-based safety systems in fatal crashes involving VRUs
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 245-246
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- HGVs (Heavy Goods Vehicle, GVWR >3,5t) are involved in a large share of all serious and fatal accidents. Among these, about 30% are accidents involving VRUs (Vulnerable Road User). This study is aimed at retrospectively investigating the theoretical potential of HGV-based safety systems to save VRU lives. The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) carries out in-depth investigations and keeps records of all traffic related, fatal accidents on Swedish roads in a restricted database. This database was queried for relevant cases between 2015 and 2020. This study was carried out to support in the prioritization of introduction of safety systems. The STA in-depth database was used to analyse fatal accidents between an HGV and a VRU. In the following context, a VRU is a common name for pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and moped riders. In total, 63 fatal accidents, composed of 28 pedestrians, 13 bicyclists and 22 motorcyclists accidents.In total, 22 active and passive safety systems were selected for their potential effect to save lives in accidents involving HGVs and VRUs. For each system, target population and boundary conditions were defined. These were based on current and upcoming legal, upcoming EuroNCAP systems and General Safety Regulations. A potential analysis was carried out, by testing all safety systems for all relevant cases with a consensus group of three analysts.The collision pattern was VRU specific as well as the type of countermeasures indicating an effect. For pedestrians, collisions occurred in front of the HGV at low speed, often at zebra-crossing. Systems increasing visibility for the drivers had the largest effect, surround vision with a potential effect of 50%. Most collision with a bicyclist happened when the HGV was turning right at low speed. In those situations, the driver fails to see the bicyclist, or the bicyclist misinterpret the intention of the turning HGV, without margin for action to avoid collision. In these accidents, the AEB (Automatic Emergency Brake) junction or BSIS (Blind Spot Information System) indicated an 85% potential effectiveness. HGV-to-Motorcyclist collisions are by far the most challenging to prevent due to high motorcycle speed.
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