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| 2. |
- Eneroth, Kristina
(författare)
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Kvävedeposition i Stockholm län år 2015 : JÄMFÖRELSE MELLAN MODELLERAT KVÄVENEDFALL OCH MÄTNINGAR AV KVÄVE I MOSSA
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms län har SLB-analys beräknat deposition av kväve i Stockholms län år 2015. Den beräknade depositionen av kväve har jämförs med uppmätta halter av kväve i mossa. Provtagning i mossa har genomförs under år 2015 på totalt 52 lokaler i Stockholm län av IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB.Modellberäknat kvävenedfall år 2015Luftburet kväve består i huvudsak av nitratkväve (NO3-N) och ammoniumkväve (NH4-N). Utsläpp från vägtrafiken är den dominerande källan till NO3-N i Stockholms län. Utsläppen av NH4-N härrör framförallt från vägtrafik, energisektorn, jordbruk samt avlopp och avfall.Det totala nedfallet av kväve omfattar såväl torrt som vått nedfall. Våtdeposition innebär att NO3-N och NH4-N i luften deponeras via nederbörden efter urtvättning av regn och moln, medan torrdeposition avser de föroreningar som fastnar på exempelvis trädkronor och sköljs ned med nederbörden. Beräkningarna av torrdeposition av NO3-N har gjorts med hjälp av SMHI-Airviro gaussmodell, medan de torra nedfallet av NH4-N har hämtats från beräkningar gjorda av SMHI med MATCH Sverige-systemet. Även beräknad våtdeposition (NO3-N och NH4-N) baseras på MATCH-modellen.Modellberäkningarna med MATCH visar att det högsta bidraget från våtdeposition förekommer i de sydvästra delarna av länet, för att sedan avta mot nordost. Vad gäller den beräknade torrdepositionen av NO3-N är den som störst i centrala delarna av Stockholm och längs med de stora vägarna, d v s där utsläppen är som störst. Utsläppen från NH4-N är till stor del lokaliserad till jordbruksområden, och MATCH-modellen beräknar det högsta torra nedfallet av NH4-N i sydvästra delen av länet.Den kritiska belastningsgränsen för övergödande kväve för Sveriges barrskogar ligger på 5 kg N per hektar och år. Denna gräns överskrids i stora delar av länet. I medeltal är depositionen på landyta ca 6 kg kväve per hektar och år. På vattenyta (hav och sjöar) deponeras i medeltal ca 4 kg kväve per hektar och år. Deposition över 10 kg per hektar förekommer i de centrala delarna av Stockholm och längs de mest trafikerade vägarna. Den totala depositionen inom Stockholms län år 2015 är beräknad till ca 6 900 ton kväve, varav ca 4 000 ton deponeras på land och ca 2 900 ton på vattenyta. Torrdepositionen står för drygt 40 % av den totala depositionen i länet.Både beräkningarna med SMHI-Airviro gaussmodell och SMHI Sverige-systemet är behäftade med stora osäkerheter. För att minska dessa osäkerheter har den modellerade depositionen jämförts med uppmätt deposition vid stationer inom Krondroppsnätet samt Stockholm Stads mätstation vid Kanaanbadet i Stockholm.Jämförelse mellan modellerat kvävenedfall och uppmätt kväve i mossaDet modellerade kvävenedfallet jämfördes även med resultat från provtagning av kväve i mossa i Stockholm län år 2015. Resultaten från provtagning i mossa fås som mg N per kg mossa alternativt som viktprocent kväve i mossan. För att kunna jämföra mossmätningarna med modellerat kvävenedfall räknades viktprocent kväve om till kg N/ha/år enligt Harmens et al., 2011: kväveinnehåll i mossa (%) = 0,62 + 0,067 * kvävenedfall (kg/ha/år). Denna metod innehåller stora osäkerheter. Jämförelsen visade på låg korrelation mellan modellberäknad totaldeposition av kväve och uppskattad uppmätt kväveinnehåll i mossa. Jämfört med mossmätningarna visade modellberäkningarna i vissa fall lägre, och vissa fall högre nedfall av kväve.
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| 3. |
- Eneroth, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Springtime depletion of tropospheric ozone, gaseous elemental mercury and non-methane hydrocarbons in the European Arctic, and its relation to atmospheric transport
- 2007
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 41:38, s. 8511-8526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a trajectory climatology for the period 1992-2001 we have examined how seasonal changes in transport cause changes in the concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O-3), gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) observed at the Mt. Zeppelin station, Ny-angstrom lesund (78.9 degrees N, 11.9 degrees E). During April-June O-3 depletion events were frequently observed in connection with air transport across the Arctic Basin. The O-3 loss was most pronounced in air masses advected close to the surface. This result supports the idea that the O-3 depletion reactions take place in the lowermost part of the atmosphere in the central Arctic Basin. A strong positive correlation between springtime O-3 depletion events and the oxidation of GEM to divalent mercury was found. During air mass advection from Siberia, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea the strongest correlation was observed during April-May, whereas air masses originating from the Canadian Arctic and the central Arctic areas showed the highest O-3-GEM correlation in May-June. We suggest that this 1-month lag could either be due to the position of the marginal ice zone or temperature differences between the northwestern and northeastern air masses. In connection with springtime O-3 depletion events low concentrations of some NMHCs, especially ethane and ethyne, were observed, indicating that both bromine (ethyne oxidant) and chlorine radicals (ethane oxidant) are present in the Arctic atmosphere during spring. In winter, negative correlations between O-3 and NMHCs were found in connection with air transport from Europe and Siberia, which we interpret as O-3 destruction taking place in industrially contaminated plumes.
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| 4. |
- Eneroth, Kristina
(författare)
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Strategi och kompetensdynamik : en studie i Axis Communications
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to introduce the concept of distinctive competence in a multi-theoretical setting, consisting of the resource-based view, strategic human resource management and organizational learning, in order to develop a theoretical framework for better understanding of the dynamic side of distinctive competence. The empirical part of the study consists of an in-depth case study of Axis Communications, a high-tech company in the global networking industry, primarily focusing on network connectitvity for non-PC devices. In order to develop a framework for better understanding the development of distinctice competencies, the concepts of vision and identity are introduced in the strategic management setting. This emerging framework, the competence-platform model, enables a distinction between knowledge, the ability to apply knowledge, and the role of motivation when discussing the emergence of competence. The thesis could thus be seen as an attempt to put forward foundations for a more dynamic view on developmental issues of distinctive competencies'.
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| 5. |
- Grande, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution With the Risk of Dementia
- 2020
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Ingår i: JAMA Neurology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6149 .- 2168-6157. ; 77:7, s. 801-809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE Emerging yet contrasting evidence associates air pollution with incident dementia, and the potential role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this association is unclear.OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and dementia and to assess the role of CVD in that association.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data for this cohort study were extracted from the ongoing Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), a longitudinal population-based study with baseline assessments from March 21, 2001, through August 30, 2004. Of the 5111 randomly selected residents in the Kungsholmen district of Stockholm 60 years or older and living at home or in institutions, 521 were not eligible (eg, due to death before the start of the study or no contact information). Among the remaining 4590 individuals, 3363 (73.3%) were assessed. For the current analysis, 2927 participants who did not have dementia at baseline were examined, with follow-up to 2013 (mean [SD] follow-up time, 6.01 [2.56] years). Follow-up was completed February 18, 2013, and data were analyzed from June 26, 2018, through June 20, 2019.EXPOSURES Two major air pollutants (particulate matter <= 2.5 mu m [PM2.5] and nitrogen oxide [NOx]) were assessed yearly from 1990, using dispersion models for outdoor levels at residential addresses.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The hazard of dementia was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The potential of CVD (ie, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) to modify and mediate the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and dementia was tested using stratified analyses and generalized structural equation modeling.RESULTS At baseline, the mean (SD) age of the 2927 participants was 74.1 (10.7) years, and 1845 (63.0%) were female. Three hundred sixty-four participants with incident dementia were identified. The hazard of dementia increased by as much as 50% per interquartile range difference in mean pollutant levels during the previous 5 years at the residential address (hazard ratio [HR] for difference of 0.88 mu g/m(3)PM(2.5), 1.54 [95% CI, 1.33-1.78]; HR for difference of 8.35 mu g/m(3)NO(x), 1.14 [95% CI, 1.01-1.29]). Heart failure (HR for PM2.5, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.54-2.43]; HR for NOx, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.75]) and ischemic heart disease (HR for PM2.5, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.32-2.12]; HR for NOx, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.07-1.71]) enhanced the dementia risk, whereas stroke appeared to be the most important intermediate condition, explaining 49.4% of air pollution-related dementia cases.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with a higher risk of dementia. Heart failure and ischemic heart disease appeared to enhance the association between air pollution and dementia, whereas stroke seemed to be an important intermediate condition between the association of air pollution exposure with dementia.QUESTION Does cardiovascular disease play a role in the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and dementia?FINDINGS In this cohort study of 2927 participants in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, air pollution exposure was associated with dementia risk despite comparatively low exposure levels. Heart failure and ischemic heart disease enhanced this association, and the development of stroke seemed to be an important intermediate condition.MEANING In this study, virtually all of the association between air pollution and dementia seemed to occur through the presence or the development of cardiovascular disease, which suggests a need to optimize treatment of concurrent cardiovascular disease and risk factor control in older adults at higher risk for dementia and living in polluted urban areas. This cohort study investigates the association of long-term exposure to air pollution with dementia and evaluates the role of cardiovascular disease in the association among participants of the population-based Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen.
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| 6. |
- Gustafsson, Mats, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Optidrift : optimerad vinter- och barmarksdrift för bättre luftkvalitet
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Drift av gator och vägar påverkar, förutom framkomlighet och säkerhet, även miljöaspekter som luftkvalitet. Åtgärder som sandning och saltning påverkar halten av inandningsbara partiklar (PM10) i luften. Driftåtgärder som görs för att minska uppvirvlingen av partiklar på våren kan å andra sidan ha effekt på vinterdriften, genom att de saltlösningar som används också fungerar som halkbekämpningsmedel. Projektet har undersökt möjligheterna att optimera gatudriften ur dessa aspekter, med ett fokus på luftkvalitet. I olika aktiviteter inhämtades synpunkter och erfarenheter kring problembild och lösningar från bransch, väghållare och praktiker. En provtagare för vägdamm, WDS II, vidareutvecklades. Utvärderingar av olika spol- och städvarianters effekt på dammförrådet visade att en positiv effekt av metoderna kräver att det finns förhållandevis mycket damm på vägytan. Optimeringstester visade att god prognosstyrning av insatserna är viktigt för ett bra resultat. En kriteriebaserad analys visade att ingen optimering av dammbindningen skett under projektperioden. Sammantaget har projektets ursprungliga mål att kunna föreslå en optimerad gatudrift i en stadsdel i Stockholm inte nåtts, främst beroende av gällande driftkontrakt och av miljökvalitetsmålets (PM10) och framkomlighetens höga prioritet i staden. Däremot har Optidrift identifierat framgångsfaktorer och problem med gatudriften, resulterat i ökad kunskap om gatudriftens effekter på dammförråd och luftkvalitet samt tagit fram användbara utvärderingsmetoder och scenarioanalyser användbara i fortsatt arbete med att förbättra och optimera vinter- och barmarksdrift.
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| 7. |
- He, Shizhen, et al.
(författare)
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Ambient air pollution and inflammation-related proteins during early childhood
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aim: Experimental studies show that short-term exposure to air pollution may alter cytokine concentrations. There is, however, a lack of epidemiological studies evaluating the association between long-term air pollution exposure and inflammation-related proteins in young children. Our objective was to examine whether air pollution exposure is associated with inflammation-related proteins during the first 2 years of life. Methods: In a pooled analysis of two birth cohorts from Stockholm County (n = 158), plasma levels of 92 systemic inflammation-related proteins were measured by Olink Proseek Multiplex Inflammation panel at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years of age. Time-weighted average exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 mu m (PM10), <2.5 mu m (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at residential addresses from birth and onwards was estimated via validated dispersion models. Stratified by sex, longitudinal cross-referenced mixed effect models were applied to estimate the overall effect of preceding air pollution exposure on combined protein levels, "inflammatory proteome", over the first 2 years of life, followed by cross-sectional protein-specific bootstrapped quantile regression analysis. Results: We identified significant longitudinal associations of inflammatory proteome during the first 2 years of life with preceding PM2.5 exposure, while consistent associations with PM10 and NO2 across ages were only observed among girls. Subsequent protein-specific analyses revealed significant associations of PM10 exposure with an increase in IFN-gamma and IL-12B in boys, and a decrease in IL-8 in girls at different percentiles of proteins levels, at age 6 months. Several inflammation-related proteins were also significantly associated with preceding PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 exposures, at ages 1 and 2 years, in a sex-specific manner. Conclusions: Ambient air pollution exposure influences inflammation-related protein levels already during early childhood. Our results also suggest age-and sex-specific differences in the impact of air pollution on children's inflammatory profiles.
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| 8. |
- Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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High-resolution dispersion modelling of PM2.5, PM10, NOx and NO2 exposure in metropolitan areas in Sweden 2000‒2018 – large health gains due to decreased population exposure
- 2024
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Ingår i: Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health. - 1873-9318 .- 1873-9326.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ambient air pollution remains the major environmental cause of disease. Accurate assessment of population exposure and small-scale spatial exposure variations over long time periods is essential for epidemiological studies. We estimated annual exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2) with high spatial resolution to examine time trends 2000‒2018, compliance with the WHO Air Quality Guidelines, and assess the health impact. The modelling area covered six metropolitan areas in Sweden with a combined population of 5.5 million. Long-range transported air pollutants were modelled using a chemical transport model with bias correction, and locally emitted air pollutants using source-specific Gaussian-type dispersion models at resolutions up to 50 × 50 m. The modelled concentrations were validated using quality-controlled monitoring data. Lastly, we estimated the reduction in mortality associated with the decrease in population exposure. The validity of modelled air pollutant concentrations was good (R2 for PM2.5 0.84, PM10 0.61, and NOx 0.87). Air pollution exposure decreased substantially, from a population weighted mean exposure to PM2.5 of 12.2 µg m−3 in 2000 to 5.4 µg m−3 in 2018. We estimated that the decreased exposure was associated with a reduction of 2719 (95% CI 2046–3055) premature deaths annually. However, in 2018, 65%, 8%, and 42% of residents in the modelled areas were still exposed to PM2.5, PM10, or NO2 levels, respectively, that exceeded the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines for annual average exposure. This emphasises the potential public health benefits of reductions in air pollution emissions.
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| 9. |
- Korek, Michal J., et al.
(författare)
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Traffic-related air pollution exposure and incidence of stroke in four cohorts from Stockholm
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-0631 .- 1559-064X. ; 25:5, s. 517-523
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the risk of stroke related to long-term ambient air pollution exposure, in particular the role of various exposure time windows, using four cohorts from Stockholm County, Sweden. In total, 22,587 individuals were recruited from 1992 to 2004 and followed until 2011. Yearly air pollution levels resulting from local road traffic emissions were assessed at participant residences using dispersion models for particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Cohort-specific hazard ratios were estimated for time-weighted air pollution exposure during different time windows and the incidence of stroke, adjusted for common risk factors, and then meta-analysed. Overall, 868 subjects suffered a non-fatal or fatal stroke during 238,731 person-years of follow-up. An increment of 20 mu g/m(3) in estimated annual mean of road-traffic related NOX exposure at recruitment was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.16 (95% Cl 0.83-1.61), with evidence of heterogeneity between the cohorts. For PM10, an increment of 10 mu g/m(3) corresponded to a hazard ratio of 1.14(95% Cl 0.68-1.90). Time-window analyses did not reveal any clear induction-latency pattern. In conclusion, we found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term exposure to NOX and PM10 from local traffic and stroke at comparatively low levels of air pollution.
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| 10. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the external health cost of particulate matter from road traffic and other sources in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper measures the external health cost due to emissions from different sources in the Stockholm area using the Impact pathway approach. The estimated health impact is the result of detailed dispersion modelling with high spatial resolution. We make separate calculations for the impact that occur within the Stockholm area, the surrounding region and the rest of Europe. The pollutants considered are combustion and secondary particulate matter (PM) from the burning of fuels and also road wear (non-exhaust PM) that makes a large contribution to measured concentrations of PM locally in Stockholm. We also investigate the influence of assumptions made regarding the exposure-response functions used in these calculations since PM of different origin are expected to have different health impacts. According to the results road traffic makes important contributions to the external health cost both on a local and a regional scale compared to other sources. This is in part due to emissions being released in close proximity to where people live but also because of the amount of pollutants emitted. Although non-exhaust PM makes a large contribution to local population exposure within Stockholm the external health cost is relatively small which is due to other health impact being relevant for this emission source. Residential heating also makes an important contribution to exposure and external health cost on a local scale while power plants have a large influence regionally.
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