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- Janhunen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Electric Solar Wind Sail in tailwind
- 2011
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Ingår i: EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Electric Solar Wind Sail (E-sail) is a novelpropulsion concept that enables faster space travel tomany solar system targets. E-sail uses charged solarwind particles as the source of its propulsion. This isachieved by deploying long, conducting and chargedtethers, which get pushed by the solar wind byCoulomb drag [1].E-sail technology is being developed to technicalreadiness level (TRL) 4-5 by the European Union’sSeventh Framework Programme for Research andTechnological Development, EU FP7, in a projectnamed ESAIL (http://www.electric-sailing.fi/fp7).Prototypes of the key parts are to be produced. Thedesign will be scalable so that a real solar winddemonstration mission could be scaled up from them.We review here the latest results of the constantlyevolving E-sail project.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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A pathway for parking in line with the Paris Agreement
- 2022
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-624X. ; 10:2, s. 1223-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current European parking policies do not seem to steer towards a future where urban transport meets the climate goals. Prominent in current housing and parking policies are the so-called minimum parking standards. Recent research has shown that they contribute to increased car use and consequently to higher CO2 emissions. This is because they contribute to urban sprawl, extensive land use, increased housing and infrastructure construction costs, and that they restrict the number of flats per urban land unit. Other recent research shows that the construction of underground garages causes considerable CO2 emissions. This paper is based on previous research on the development of the transport sector to be in line with climate targets (i.e., the Paris Agreement). It intends to fill a research gap regarding how parking management can be designed to be consistent with these targets. Through a future study approach with Stockholm as a case example, this paper illustrates a policy shift in parking policies considered to be in line with national climate targets. The article presents concrete indicators to quantify the scope of change needed (e.g., removing 60,000 residential parking spaces and providing vehicle sharing with 7,500 cars and at least 7,500 bikes). The focus shift goes from providing physical parking spaces to providing satisfactory mobility and accessibility. We outline a pathway towards a future scenario of parking and mobility in Stockholm, with a combination of mobility services, parking restrictions (e.g., cap on parking spaces, removal of minimum parking standards), and citizen participation. The pathway is also analysed regarding equity, feasibility, and acceptance.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, 1979-
(författare)
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A Shift in Urban Mobility and Parking? : Exploring Policies in Relation to Practices
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transport sector is associated with many environmental challenges, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Research indicate that CO2 emissions should decrease by at least 50 % per decade in order to be in line with the Paris Agreement, and the transport sector is highlighted as a particularly challenging sector. Sweden, which is the case study in this thesis, has a goal of reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector with 70 % between 2010 and 2030. This target is, however, not likely to be met if current trends continue. New technology will probably not be enough to reach the target, and car ownership and car travel will probably also have to decrease. Furthermore, many households do not have access to cars, and do not benefit from policies that facilitate car use and car ownership. The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse policy measures on parking and mobility in metropolitan areas in Sweden with the aim of being in line with the CO2 emission goals set by the Paris Agreement, as well as investigating how the aims of the Paris Agreement can be met with a backcasting study. All studied policy measures highlight the need to shift focus from physical infrastructure to accessibility. In each case, however, current practices and conditions render a transition more difficult. The first paper in the thesis studies the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) mandate to finance different measures. The STA states the importance of reducing the need to travel and making more efficient use of existing infrastructure, and stipulates that these types of measures should be considered before new infrastructure investments. However, the STA has a limited mandate to finance measures with the aim of reducing the need to travel, which results in ambiguous signals to, and frustration among, regional STA officials. This paper demonstrates that making the STA’s mandate more function-oriented would facilitate a transition in line with the sustainable mobility paradigm.The second policy measure discussed in this thesis is the shift from minimum parking requirements, where developers are obliged to build a minimum number of parking spaces in order to obtain a building permit, to flexible parking requirements, where the number of parking spaces provided depends on the local context, and where other mobility services may replace the need for parking. The second paper in this thesis follows two blocks of flats built with flexible parking requirements. Car ownership has decreased in both blocks of flats, and car use has decreased in one of the blocks of flats. Furthermore, car sharing membership and use have increased considerably. However, the process of leaving a car dependent social practice is slow and the conditions (e.g. the technology; and ways of finding, booking, and paying for services) need to be relatively stable for the practice to grow. Other policies may also be needed for emerging social practices to grow. Some of these policies have been implemented in Stockholm (e.g. congestion charges, on-street parking fees, extension of public transport and bicycle infrastructure). However, there is also a trend in the opposite direction; such as new urban highways. Future interventions could be made open to residents in adjacent properties, if more people are to be attracted to the mobility services. The third paper in this thesis discusses the feasibility of using a new parking management tool; “Parking Benefit Districts”, in a European context (Stockholm, Sweden). In a Parking Benefit Districts program, on-street parking charges are implemented, increased or extended, and the resulting revenues are returned to the areas where the charges were imposed. Citizens, or other stakeholders, then participate in deciding how to use these revenues. The underlying intention is to increase acceptance of parking charges, as on-street parking charges may be considered necessary by city planners but are unpopular among citizens and other stakeholders. This thesis shows that there are no legal barriers to implementing a Parking Benefit District programme in Sweden, but there are some limitations as to how revenues can be used. Moreover, Sweden does not have this planning tradition and the programme may not be perceived as legitimate. Another important issue is equity and participation, e.g. it is important to consider who to include and how to include them.The fourth paper is a target-oriented backcasting study. The paper depicts a future image for parking and mobility for the city of Stockholm that is in line with the CO2 emission goals in the Paris Agreement, and then examines how to plan for parking and mobility in order to steer towards this future image. The paper points out that current parking standards (the flexible parking standard discussed in Paper II) is far from being in line with the Paris Agreement, and emphasizes the necessity of a different planning approach. The paper also presents a path of development thought to be in line with the Paris Agreement.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Moving to Private-Car-Restricted and Mobility-Served Neighborhoods : The Unspectacular Workings of a Progressive Mobility Plan
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 11:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite ongoing changes in housing construction around parking requirements, few studies have been undertaken on travel practice and vehicle ownership once homes have been built in line with new requirements and occupied. This study focused on the experience and travel practices of residents in two specific cases involving new requirements in Sweden. It was based on interviews and questionnaires with residents before and after they moved into the two new blocks of apartments. A relatively restricted supply of parking was compensated for with subsidized mobility services for the residents, e.g., car and bike (sharing) clubs. The results indicated a decrease in car ownership in both blocks, as well as a decrease in the frequency of car travel in one of them. There were indications that use of public transport had increased. Our analysis illustrates the roles that parking and mobility services played over time in establishing the residents' travel habits. The process that shaped the new residents' car ownership and travel patterns was, in part, quite slow and unspectacular compared with the intentions and expectations of the stakeholders involved as regards to how car ownership and travel habits would change. We discuss a spectrum of everyday life conditions, which together with parking requirements and mobility services can stimulate the growth of urban mobility practices other than those based on private car ownership.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Fredrik
(författare)
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Towards a sustainable mobility paradigm? An assessment of three policy measures
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transportation and mobility are important components in the organisation and structure of people´s daily activities, but the transport sector has considerable environmental impacts, e.g. greenhouse gas emissions and land use. Governance of the sector is difficult, as there is an ongoing a shift in governance structures away from hierarchical towards more collaborative governance. Given these challenges, it may be necessary to shift the focus from mobility to accessibility and to adopt a new paradigm in transport planning.This thesis critically investigates what a paradigm shift might mean for the Swedish national and municipal transport, housing and parking planning context and examines what a Social Practice Theory framework could contribute in analysing such a paradigm shift. This is done by investigating three different policies that are arguably in line with a shift in planning paradigms.All three policy measures open up decision making to different stakeholders or even citizens, reflecting a shift in governance, and all highlight the need to shift the focus from physical infrastructure to accessibility, through collaboration with a range of stakeholders. However, in each case, current conditions and practices render a transition more difficult.The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) states the importance of reducing the need to travel and of using existing infrastructure more efficiently, and stipulates that these types of measures should be considered before new infrastructure investments. However, the STA has a limited mandate to finance these measures, resulting in ambiguous signals and frustration among regional STA officials. This thesis shows that making the STA’s mandate more function-oriented would facilitate a transition in line with the sustainable mobility paradigm.Another policy measure discussed in the thesis is a shift from minimum parking requirements, where developers are required to build a minimum number of parking spaces, to flexible parking requirements, where the number of parking spaces provided depends on the local context and where other mobility services may replace the need for physical parking spaces. In this thesis, people who have bought apartments in developments with flexible parking requirements were surveyed in order to understand their practices and how they perceive and plan to use the mobility services provided.The feasibility of using a new parking management tool, Parking Benefit Districts, in a European context (Stockholm, Sweden) was assessed. In a Parking Benefit Districts system, parking charges are implemented, increased or extended to curb parking, with the revenues being returned to the area where the charges are imposed and with citizens, or other stakeholders, participating in decisions on how to use the revenues. The underlying intention is to increase acceptance of parking charges, as on-street parking charges may be deemed necessary by planners, but are unpopular among citizens and other stakeholders. This thesis shows that there are no legal barriers to implementing a Parking Benefit District programme in Sweden, but there are some limitations on how revenues can be used. Moreover, Sweden does not have this planning tradition and the programme may not be perceived as legitimate. Another important issue is equity and participation, e.g. it is important to consider who to include and how to include them.Overall, the policy measures studied involve a shift away from an infrastructure-centred to a people-centred approach. However, other planning practices and institutions may push in different directions. This thesis shows that a Social Practice Theory framework can be useful as a lens through which researchers and policymakers view possible changes needed to achieve a sustainable mobility paradigm.
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