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- Mickleburgh, Hayley, et al.
(author)
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Digital Arcaheology of Death and Burial : Using 3D Reconstruction, Visualization and Simulation to Frame Past Experience
- 2020
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In: Doing Digital Humanities. - Växjö : Linnaeus University Press. - 9789189081659 - 9789189081666 ; , s. 121-145
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The study of burials has a long and important history in archaeology. The analysis of the human remains, the burial feature, and the artefacts placed with the dead, has been crucial for the development of archaeological theory and interpretation, from the establishments of the first chronologies in the 19th century to complex issues in contemporary archaeology. The archaeological study of burials has always drawn on multiple disciplines, methods and theories, including, but not limited to, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, ritual theory, social theory, molecular biology, taphonomy, chemistry, etc. Through the physical remains of the dead, archaeologists access information about the demography and health status of a population, including disabilities, level of care, infectious diseases, physical activity, and mortality profiles. These remains can also provide molecular information about kinship, migration and diet. The grave structure itself and the material items found with the dead allow archaeologists to propose interpretations of cultural practices relating to identities (including gender and age), the ritual response to death, social organization, and even dimensions of emotion and belief in the past. Today we see an emerging archaeology of death that through transdisciplinary approaches, i.e. an archaeology that combines theses complex approaches not only in the analysis, but also in the very research design, aims at reconstructing the response to death in the past and place it within a complex cultural context (Nilsson Stutz 2016). We believe that digital approaches have a central role to play in these developments.
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- Mickleburgh, Hayley, et al.
(author)
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Virtual Archaeology of Death and Burial : A Procedure for Integrating 3D Visualization and Analysis in Archaeothanatology
- 2021
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In: Open Archaeology. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 2300-6560. ; 7:1, s. 540-555
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The reconstruction of past mortuary rituals and practices increasingly incorporates analysis of the taphonomic history of the grave and buried body, using the framework provided by archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatological analysis relies on interpretation of the three-dimensional (3D) relationship of bones within the grave and traditionally depends on elaborate written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) images of the remains during excavation to capture this spatial information. With the rapid development of inexpensive 3D tools, digital replicas (3D models) are now commonly available to preserve 3D information on human burials during excavation. A procedure developed using a test case to enhance archaeothanatological analysis and improve post-excavation analysis of human burials is described. Beyond preservation of static spatial information, 3D visualization techniques can be used in archaeothanatology to reconstruct the spatial displacement of bones over time, from deposition of the body to excavation of the skeletonized remains. The purpose of the procedure is to produce 3D simulations to visualize and test archaeothanatological hypotheses, thereby augmenting traditional archaeothanatological analysis. We illustrate our approach with the reconstruction of mortuary practices and burial taphonomy of a Bell Beaker burial from the site of Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, West-Frisia, the Netherlands. This case study was selected as the test case because of its relatively complete context information. The test case shows the potential for application of the procedure to older 2D field documentation, even when the amount and detail of documentation is less than ideal.
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- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(author)
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Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
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