| 1. |
- Falkenström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Working alliance predicts psychotherapy outcome even while controlling for prior symptom improvement
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychotherapy Research. - : Routledge. - 1050-3307 .- 1468-4381. ; 24:2, s. 146-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Although the working alliance as been found to be a robust predictor of psychotherapy outcome, critics have questioned the causal status of this effect. Specifically, the effect of the alliance may be confounded with the effect of prior symptom improvement. The objective of the present study was to test this possibility. Method: A large dataset from primary care psychotherapy was used to study relationships between alliance and outcome using piecewise multilevel path analysis. Results: Initial symptom level and symptom change up to session three predicted the alliance at session three. Working alliance significantly predicted symptom change rate from session three to termination, even while controlling for several possible confounds. Conclusions: The alliance predicts outcome over and above the effect of prior symptom improvement, supporting a reciprocal influence model of the relationship between alliance and symptom change.
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| 2. |
- Müllersdorf, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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A Survey of Pet- and Non-Pet-Owning Swedish Adolescents : Demographic Difference and Health Issues
- 2012
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Ingår i: Anthrozoos. - 0892-7936 .- 1753-0377. ; 25:1, s. 49-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of pet ownership in adolescents in Sweden and establish whether any gender, age or health-related differences exist between those who own pets and those who do not. In addition, the study aimed to explore the relationships between species of pet, age, gender, and other socio-demographic variables and the perceived importance of pets. Three age groups (13-14 years-old, 15-16 years-old, and 17-18 years-old) of adolescents, resident in a single county in Sweden, were surveyed using the questionnaire "Liv och Halsa Ung" ("Youth Life and Health"). A total of 8,709 respondents were included in the analysis (pet owners = 5,793; non-pet owners = 2,916). Associations between importance of the pet and demographic variables and general self-rated health were investigated using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of pet owners in the sample was 65%, and the most common types of pets were, in descending order of popularity, cats, dogs, rodents, fish/reptiles, and horses. Most of the pet owners said their pets were very or quite important to them, for the three age groups (73.1-88.6%). In general, pets were more important for the female respondents. Importance was dependent on type of pet, with male and female dog owners and female horse owners rating their pets as more important than the owners of other species of pet. Respondents who did not own a pet were more physically active than their pet-owning peers. Pet owners with the best self-rated health also attributed the greatest importance to their pet. However, adolescents with pets reported more psychological problems and somatic health aspects than those who did not own pets. This finding calls for further studies to be conducted, with designs allowing causal conclusions to be drawn.
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| 3. |
- Alm, Fredrik, 1971-
(författare)
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Uttryck på schemat och intryck i klassrummet : En studie av lektioner i skolor utan timplan
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande avhandling är att studera användning och förekomst av lektionsbeteckningar på scheman i skolor utan en nationellt fastställd timplan, samt belysa hur elever upplever de lokala val som görs vad gäller vissa av dessa lektionsbeteckningar. Den teoretiska referensramen har sin grund i didaktikens selektionsfråga och kommunikationsfråga, och Bernsteins båda begrepp klassifikation och inramning. Avhandlingen består av två delstudier. I delstudie I analyseras, såväl kvalitativt som kvantitativt, 326 scheman från 33 skolor som på försök arbetar utan timplan. 163 scheman från skolor med timplan har analyserats i jämförande syfte. I delstudie II genomförs tio gruppintervjuer med totalt 41 elever kring tre typer av icke ämnesrelaterade lektionsbeteckningar (lagtid, verkstad och mentorstid), som är vanligt förekommande på elevers scheman. I avhandlingen visas att en mängd schemabeteckningar (170 stycken) används för att beskriva vad elever och lärare ämnar ägna sig åt. Utöver traditionella ämnen, schemaläggs arbetsmetoder, gruppbaserad tid, skriv- och lästid, social samspelstid, rekreationstid samt lektioner där eleverna involveras i val, planering och utvärdering. Den här typen av alternativa schemabeteckningar används i signifikant större utsträckning i skolorna utan timplan och i de tidigare årskurserna. När skolorna utan timplan använder alternativa beteckningar leder det huvudsakligen till schemapositioner med svagare inramning och svagare klassifikation, samt en förskjutning från innehåll mot metod/form. Eleverna upplever att lektionerna med svagare inramning och klassifikation har ett värdefullt och verklighetsanknutet innehåll, men att de inte är lika viktiga som ämnena. De upplevs ibland vara slöseri med lektionstid. Resultaten diskuteras i ljuset av annan forskning om skolor utan timplan och avhandlingens didaktiska perspektiv.
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| 4. |
- Danelljan, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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A Low-Level Active Vision Framework for Collaborative Unmanned Aircraft Systems
- 2015
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Ingår i: COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2014 WORKSHOPS, PT I. - Cham : Springer Publishing Company. - 9783319161778 - 9783319161785 ; , s. 223-237
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Micro unmanned aerial vehicles are becoming increasingly interesting for aiding and collaborating with human agents in myriads of applications, but in particular they are useful for monitoring inaccessible or dangerous areas. In order to interact with and monitor humans, these systems need robust and real-time computer vision subsystems that allow to detect and follow persons.In this work, we propose a low-level active vision framework to accomplish these challenging tasks. Based on the LinkQuad platform, we present a system study that implements the detection and tracking of people under fully autonomous flight conditions, keeping the vehicle within a certain distance of a person. The framework integrates state-of-the-art methods from visual detection and tracking, Bayesian filtering, and AI-based control. The results from our experiments clearly suggest that the proposed framework performs real-time detection and tracking of persons in complex scenarios
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| 5. |
- Danielsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Association between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuronal injury or amyloidosis and cognitive decline after major surgery.
- 2021
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Ingår i: British journal of anaesthesia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-6771 .- 0007-0912. ; 126:2, s. 467-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Postoperative neurocognitive decline is a frequent complication in adult patients undergoing major surgery with increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms behind cognitive decline after anaesthesia and surgery are not known. We studied the association between CSF and blood biomarkers of neuronal injury or brain amyloidosis and long-term changes in neurocognitive function.In patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery (knee or hip replacement), blood and CSF samples were obtained before surgery and then at 4, 8, 24, 32, and 48 h after skin incision through an indwelling spinal catheter. CSF and blood concentrations of total tau (T-tau), neurofilament light, neurone-specific enolase and amyloid β (Aβ1-42) were measured. Neurocognitive function was assessed using the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (ISPOCD) test battery 1-2 weeks before surgery, at discharge from the hospital (2-5 days after surgery), and at 3 months after surgery.CSF and blood concentrations of T-tau, neurone-specific enolase, and Aβ1-42 increased after surgery. A similar increase in serum neurofilament light was seen with no overall changes in CSF concentrations. There were no differences between patients having a poor or good late postoperative neurocognitive outcome with respect to these biomarkers of neuronal injury and Aβ1-42.The findings of the present explorative study showed that major orthopaedic surgery causes a release of CSF markers of neural injury and brain amyloidosis, suggesting neuronal damage or stress. We were unable to detect an association between the magnitude of biomarker changes and long-term postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction.
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| 6. |
- Edman, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrian Group Tracking Using the GM-PHD Filter
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st European Signal Processing Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A GM-PHD filter is used for pedestrian tracking in a crowdsurveillance application. The purpose is to keep track of thedifferent groups over time as well as to represent the shape ofthe groups and the number of people within the groups. In-put data to the GM-PHD filter are detections using a state ofthe art algorithm applied to video frames from the PETS 2012benchmark data. In a first step, the detections in the framesare converted from image coordinates to world coordinates.This implies that groups can be defined in physical units interms of distance in meters and speed differences in metersper second. The GM-PHD filter is a Bayesian framework thatdoes not form tracks of individuals. Its output is well suitedfor clustering of individuals into groups. The results demon-strate that the GM-PHD filter has the capability of estimatingthe correct number of groups with an accurate representationof their sizes and shapes.
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| 7. |
- Gillberg, A., et al.
(författare)
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A population-based audit of the clinical use of faecal occult blood testing in primary care for colorectal cancer
- 2012
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Ingår i: Colorectal Disease. - : Wiley. - 1462-8910 .- 1463-1318. ; 14:9, s. e539-e546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim Symptoms related to colorectal cancer (CRC) are common. We investigated the value of the faecal occult blood test (FOBT), when administered in primary care, in the diagnosis of CRC. Method All patients who underwent a FOBT (Hemoccult II) at 20 public primary care centres in Sormland County, Sweden, during 2000-2005, were included (n = 9048). Linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry identified all cases of CRC. Symptoms recorded at the time of the FOBT were retrieved from the patient records. The outcome from the FOBT to diagnosis and subsequent survival was compared between patients who were FOBT negative and patients who were FOBT positive. Results One-hundred and sixty-one patients were diagnosed with CRC within 2 years after undergoing a FOBT in primary care. These comprised 18% of all 917 patients diagnosed with CRC in the county during the study period. In 41 (25.4%) of the 161 patients the test was negative. Symptoms related to CRC were documented for 158 (98%) patients at the time the FOBT was administered. The median investigation time from the FOBT test to the diagnosis of CRC was 91 days: 80 days for FOBT-positive patients and 188 days for FOBT-negative patients (P < 0.001). This difference was signficant independent of age, sex and site of tumour. The hazard ratio for FOBT negativity, 3 years after the FOBT, when adjusted for age and sex, was 1.47 (95% CI, 0.812.68). Conclusion Despite having suggestive symptoms, 41 (4.5%) of 917 CRC patients had a negative FOBT result in primary care. This was associated with diagnostic delay and, potentially, a worse outcome.
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| 8. |
- Granström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Distinguishing independent and shared effects of material/structural conditions and psychosocial resources on educational inequalities in self-rated health : results from structural equation modelling
- 2021
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Ingår i: Public Health. - : Elsevier. - 0033-3506 .- 1476-5616. ; 196, s. 10-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim of this study was to distinguish independent and shared effects of material/structural factors and psychosocial resources in explaining educational inequalities in self-rated health (SRH) by using structural equation modelling. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: Data were derived from a questionnaire sent to a random sample of the population in five counties in Sweden in 2008. The study population (aged 25–75 years) included 15,099 men and 17,883 women. Exploratory structural equation modelling was used to analyse the pathways from educational level to SRH. Results: The pathway including both material/structural factors (e.g. financial buffer and unemployment) and psychosocial resources (e.g. sense of coherence and social participation) explained about 40% of educational differences in SRH for both men and women. The pathways including only the independent effects of psychosocial resources (14% in men and 20% in women) or material/structural factors (9% and 18%, respectively) explained substantial but smaller proportions of the differences. Conclusions: The major pathway explaining educational inequalities in SRH included both material/structural factors and psychosocial resources. Therefore, to reduce educational inequalities in SRH, interventions need to address both material/structural conditions and psychosocial resources across educational groups.
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| 9. |
- Granström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring trends in and determinants of educational inequalities in self-rated health
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 43:7, s. 677-686
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Educational inequalities in self-rated health (SRH) in European welfare countries are documented, but recent trends in these inequalities are less well understood. We examined educational inequalities in SRH in different age groups, and the contribution of selected material, behavioural and psychosocial determinants from 2000 to 2008. Methods: Data were derived from cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2000, 2004 and 2008 including 37,478, 34,876 and 32,982 respondents, respectively, aged 25-75 in mid-Sweden. Inequalities were analysed by age-standardized and age-stratified rate ratios of poor SRH and age-standardized prevalence of determinants, and contribution of determinants by age-adjusted logistic regression. Results: Relative educational inequalities in SRH increased among women from 2000 (rate ratio (RR) 1.70, 95% CI 1.55-1.85) to 2008 (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.90-2.26), but were unchanged among men (RR 1.91-2.01). The increase among women was mainly due to growing inequalities in the age group 25-34 years. In 2008, significant age differences emerged with larger inequalities in the youngest compared with the oldest age group in both genders. All determinants were more prevalent in low educational groups; the most prominent were lack of a financial buffer, smoking and low optimism. Educational differences were unchanged over the years for most determinants. In all three surveys, examined determinants together explained a substantial part of the educational inequalities in SRH. Conclusions: Increased relative educational health inequalities among women, and persisting inequalities among men, were paralleled by unchanged, large differences in material/structural, behavioural and psychosocial factors. Interventions to reduce these inequalities need to focus on early mid-life.
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| 10. |
- Granström, Fredrik
(författare)
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Inequalities in Health : the Importance of Material/Structural Factors and Psychosocial Resources
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Socioeconomic inequalities in health are well-documented in most countries. Health differences have been shown to follow a gradient, where health status in average is somewhat poorer for every lower level in the social hierarchy. Notably, the welfare state Sweden is no exception. Considerable socioeconomic inequalities in health are found, and the magnitude of e.g. educational inequalities in health has even increased over recent decades. Important contributors, or “health determinants” of observed health inequalities, include material/structural factors, behavioral factors and psychosocial factors. The inequalities arise from uneven distributions of these health determinants accumulated over the life course. Whereas earlier research has focused on independent effects of different determinants, recent research has showed that health determinants interact in complex ways when contributing to health inequalities. However, the relative importance of the independent contributions of specific types of health determinants and of the shared contributions have not been assessed. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine possible explanations of inequalities in self-reported health among groups with different educational levels in a Swedish population, in particular how material/structural factors and psychosocial resources contribute to these inequalities. This thesis is based on four population-based studies. Studies I and IV used data from the Life & health study, based on crosssectional survey questionnaires, conducted in 2000, 2004 and 2008 in five counties in the central part of Sweden. Around 35,000 respondents were included each year with response rates varying from 60% to 67%. Studies II and III used data from a sub-sample of the Swedish national public health survey (HLV) from 2012, another cross-sectional survey questionnaire. The sub-sample was carried out in four counties in the central part of Sweden. The total number of respondents in the sub-sample was 26,706, with a response rate of 53%. Outcome variables were, in studies I, II and IV, self-rated health (SRH) and, in study III, psychological distress. The magnitudes of health inequalities were examined using rate ratios and rate differences. The associations between health determinants and health out-comes were examined using logistic regression, and the analysis of independent versus shared contributions of health determinants to health inequalities was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). Study I showed that relative educational inequalities in SRH were two-fold among men, unchanged from 2000 to 2008, while the inequalities initially were smaller among women but increased over time, from 1.7 to 2.1. This increase was mainly due to growing inequalities in the age group 25–34 years. The distributions of all observed health determinants were more unfavorable in low education groups; most prominent for lack of a financial buffer, smoking and low optimism. These educational differences were, for most health determinants, unchanged over time. Study II examined the association of adult SRH with adverse material conditions (eco-nomic stress in the family) in childhood as well as adverse psychosocial conditions (condescending treatment) in childhood. Both economic stress and condescending treatment in childhood were strongly associated with poorer adult SRH. These associations were attenuated, but still statistically significant after adjustment for economic stress and condescending treatment in adulthood and other risk factors. Study III showed, after adjustment for age, economic difficulties, employment status and social support, a moderate association between educational level and psychological dis-tress, where low and medium educational levels were related to a lower risk of psychological distress. However, current economic difficulties showed a strong, and positive, association with psychological distress. Study IV showed that the shared pathways, including both material/structural fac-tors (e.g. financial buffer and unemployment) and psychosocial resources (e.g. optimism and social participation), explained about 40% of educational inequalities in SRH for both men and women aged 25–74 years. The pathways including only the independent effects of psychosocial resources (14% in men and 20% in women) or material/structural factors (9% and 18%, respectively) explained substantial but smaller proportions of the inequalities. In conclusion, in an adult population in the central part of Sweden, prevalence of poor SRH was, among men, twice as high in the low education group compared to the high education group during the first decade of the new millennium. Among women, educational inequalities were initially smaller, but increased over time to the same level as among men. However, when using self-reported psychological distress as health outcome, no corresponding educational inequalities were found. Instead, economic difficulties were an important determinant of psychological distress. SRH in adulthood was significantly associated with economic stress and condescending treatment during childhood, also when the same conditions in adulthood were taken into account. Material/structural factors and psychosocial resources explained more than half of the educational inequalities in SRH, and the majority of this contribution was in the form of a shared effect of material/structural factors and psychosocial resources. A shared effect means that a material/structural factor and a psychosocial resource are strongly associated, and that the combination of the two has an effect on the educational inequalities in SRH. Therefore, to reduce educational inequalities in SRH, interventions need to address both material/structural conditions and psychosocial resources. This needs to be done across educational groups, using a life course perspective, but with more intensive interventions in lower education groups.
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