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- Boynukisa, Emre, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in metal accumulation from stormwater by three plant species growing in floating treatment wetlands in a cold climate
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stormwater is a source of pollutants in urban areas and should be treated to prevent negative environmental effects. A newer technique uses floating rafts with plants, called floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which are placed in polluted water. Few earlier studies have examined heavy metal removal by FTWs, and none has examined stormwater in cold climates. This study therefore aimed to determine whether plants growing in FTWs could accumulate heavy metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. This study examined the abilities of three native wetland species (i.e., Carex riparia, C. pseudocyperus, and Phalaris arundinacea) to accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The plants were planted on FTWs, which were placed in two stormwater ponds in Stockholm, Sweden, for 12 weeks. The study revealed differences in accumulation between metals, species, plant parts, and sites. Phalaris arundinacea accumulated more Cd, Cu, and Zn than did the Carex species, and C. pseudocyperus accumulated less Pb than did the other species during the experimental period. In most cases, the roots had higher metal concentrations than did the shoots. Carex pseudocyperus had smaller differences between shoot and root metal contents, whereas P. arundinacea had higher Cd and Cu contents and lower Zn contents in its roots than in its shoots. The metal content in the plants increased with higher biomass. The plants that grew in the stormwater pond with a higher Zn concentration had a higher Zn tissue concentration and total Zn content per plant after treatment. This suggests that the Zn concentration in the water positively affects plant Zn accumulation. For the other metals, no difference in concentration in the water was detected between the stormwater ponds. This study shows that wetland plants growing on FTWs can accumulate metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. Phalaris arundinacea appears to be a good candidate for metal removal use in FTWs. Furthermore, high plant biomass positively affects metal uptake, meaning that good growing conditions could be essential for metal removal.
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| 4. |
- Boynukisa, Emre, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in Metal Accumulation from Stormwater by Three Plant Species Growing in Floating Treatment Wetlands in a Cold Climate
- 2023
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 234:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stormwater is a source of pollutants in urban areas and should be treated to prevent negative environmental effects. A newer technique uses floating rafts with plants, called floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which are placed in the polluted water. Few earlier studies have examined heavy metal removal by FTWs, and none has examined stormwater in cold climates. This study therefore aimed to determine whether plants growing in FTWs could accumulate heavy metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. This study examined the abilities of three native wetland species (i.e., Carex riparia, C. pseudocyperus, and Phalaris arundinacea) to accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The plants were planted on FTWs, which were placed in two stormwater ponds in Stockholm, Sweden, for 12 weeks. Phalaris arundinacea accumulated more Cd, Cu, and Zn than did the Carex species, and C. pseudocyperus accumulated less Pb than did the other species during the experimental period. In most cases, the roots had higher metal concentrations than did the shoots. Carex pseudocyperus had smaller differences between shoot and root metal contents, whereas P. arundinacea had higher Cd and Cu contents and lower Zn contents in its roots than in its shoots. The metal content in the plants increased with higher biomass. The plants that grew in the stormwater pond with a higher Zn concentration had a higher Zn tissue concentration and total Zn content per plant after treatment. This study shows that wetland plants growing on FTWs can accumulate metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. Phalaris arundinacea appears to be a good candidate for metal removal use in FTWs. Furthermore, high plant biomass positively affects the metal uptake, meaning that good growing conditions could be essential for metal removal.
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| 5. |
- Jones, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
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A multi-isotope approach to evaluate the potential of great cormorant eggs for contaminant monitoring
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contaminant monitoring in biota is important for determining environmental status and to detect or prioritize action on hazardous substances. Predators higher up a food chain are often used for monitoring of contaminants that bioaccumulate. However, it is not always possible to find higher predators that are both abundant and have a wide distribution for national or international contaminant monitoring. Great cormorants (Phalocrocorax carbo) are a widespread and increasingly common top predator of fish in fresh, brackish and salt water. We evaluate the suitability of great cormorant eggs as a matrix for contaminant monitoring by using stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Despite the fact that cormorants are migratory, egg isotope values showed a significant separation between five breeding colonies in Sweden (1 fresh water lake, 3 Baltic sites and 1 marine site). This high degree of separation indicates that eggs are primarily produced using local resources (not stored body resources) and that contaminants (mercury concentrations in this study) measured in eggs likely reflect levels in fish prey caught close to the breeding area. Compound specific stable isotope analysis was used to estimate cormorant trophic position (TP) and concentrations of mercury in eggs were positively related to TP. The results show that a multi-isotope approach, combined with good ecological diet knowledge allow for meaningful and comparative interpretation of mercury concentrations in biota and that great cormorant eggs appear a suitable matrix to measure locally derived and maternally transferred contaminants.
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| 6. |
- Schück, Maria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Chloride removal capacity and salinity tolerance in wetland plants
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deicing with sodium chloride maintains safe roads in the winter, but results in stormwater runoff with high chloride (Cl−) content that causes various downstream problems. Chloride-rich water risks contaminating groundwater, shortening the lifespan of concrete and metal constructions, and being toxic to aquatic organisms. Current stormwater treatment methods are unable to remove Cl−, but wetland plants with high chloride uptake capacity have potential to decrease Cl− concentrations in water. The aim was to identify suitable plant species for removing Cl− from water for future studies on phytodesalination of water, by comparing 34 wetland plant species native to Sweden in a short-term screening. Additionally, Carex pseudocyperus, C. riparia, and Phalaris arundinacea was further compared as to their salinity tolerance and tissue Cl− concentration properties. Results show that Cl− removal capacity, tissue accumulation, and tolerance varied between the investigated species. Removal capacity correlated with biomass, dry:fresh biomass ratio, water uptake, and transpiration. The three tested species tolerated Cl− levels of up to 50–350 mg Cl− L−1 and accumulated up to 10 mg Cl− g−1 biomass. Carex riparia was the most Cl-tolerant species, able to maintain growth and transpiration at 500 mg Cl− L−1 during 4 weeks of exposure and with a medium removal capacity. Due to a large shoot:plant biomass ratio and high transpiration, C. riparia also had high shoot accumulation of Cl−, which may facilitate harvesting. Phalaris arundinacea had the highest removal capacity of the investigated species, but displayed decreased growth above 50 mg Cl− L−1. From this study we estimate that wetland plants can remove up to 7 kg Cl− m−2 from water if grown hydroponically, and conclude that C. riparia and P. arundinacea, which have high tolerance, large biomass, and high accumulation, are suitable candidates for further phytodesalination studies.
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| 7. |
- Schück, Maria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of changes in solution concentration on accumulation and distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Carex pseudocyperus L.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concentration of pollutants in stormwater varies with the season and amount of precipitation, exposing plants in treatment systems, such as floating wetlands, to different levels of heavy metals. The study aims to investigate if the sedge species Carex pseudocyperus can absorb substantial amounts of heavy metals and continue to accumulate despite changing concentrations. The plants were first exposed to three levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. After five days, the plants from each treatment were divided into four groups and exposed to four different levels of the same metals as before for an additional five days, resulting in 12 combinations of metal loads. The results show that the accumulation capacity was affected by a plant's previous accumulation of the same heavy metals as well as its concentration in the surrounding solution. The plants could absorb high levels of heavy metals, which means they can effectively treat, for example, stormwater containing high metal levels. However, the plants released some of the accumulated metals as soon as their concentrations in water decreased. Despite the release, plants exposed to the highest concentrations still showed the highest metal levels in their tissue, indicating a potential for long-term accumulation. Translocation to aboveground tissues was limited for all metals examined, especially for Cu and Pb. The findings of this short-term study suggest that changing pollutant concentration in stormwater systems might limit heavy metal uptake and call for careful timing of plant harvest to ensure efficient removal of pollutants.
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| 8. |
- Schück, Maria, 1986-
(författare)
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Floating treatment wetlands for stormwater management : Plant species selection and influence of external factors for heavy metal and chloride removal in a cold climate
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stormwater, which consists of rainwater and snowmelt, often contains pollutants from vehicle traffic, building materials, and industries. These pollutants include chloride and heavy metals, which can cause several environmental issues, such as being toxic to biota at elevated concentrations. A relatively new water treatment method is floating treatment wetlands. These vegetated rafts have given promising results, mainly for nutrient removal in eutrophic watercourses in warmer climates. However, knowledge is lacking about their ability to remove chloride and heavy metals and their performance in a cold climate.The aim was to identify plant species, intended for floating treatment wetlands, which efficiently can remove chloride and the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from water in a cold climate such as Sweden and to understand how changes in the environment affect the removal capacity of the plants. This was studied in various conditions by placing plants in water that contained chloride and heavy metals and measuring the concentration of chloride and heavy metals that remained in the water (plant removal capacity; I, III, IV) and the accumulation of removed chloride and heavy metals in the different plant parts (plant accumulation capacity; III, V, VI). In addition, traits of plants capable of high removal and accumulation were identified by correlating their capacity with their morphological characteristics (II, III, VI).The results show that there are Swedish wetland plant species with a high ability to treat water containing chloride and heavy metals, even under varying conditions. Many species effectively reduced the levels of heavy metals in water, and the graminoid species Carex pseudocyperus and Carex riparia distinguished themselves by quickly and significantly decreasing the concentrations of heavy metals in the water (I). Hardly any species were effective chloride removers, but a few, including Phalaris arundinacea, removed large amounts of chloride (III). Species with a high removal and accumulation capacity of chloride and heavy metals generally had high total biomass, a large amount of leaf and thin root biomass, and high transpiration (II, III, VI). The absorbed heavy metals mainly accumulated in the roots, while chloride accumulated in the shoot tissue (III, V, VI). External factors affected the removal and accumulation capacities of the plants to varying degrees. Increased salinity in the water led to lower removal of Cd and Pb, and low temperature decreased the removal of all investigated heavy metals, but some species’ removal capacities were less affected by the salt and the cold (IV). The plant's content of the heavy metals usually equilibrated with the surrounding water. This effect led to increases in the plant's uptake of heavy metals when their concentration in the water increased, but a release of some accumulated heavy metals if the concentration in the water sank (V). Under field conditions, uptake patterns differed (VI). The plants on floating treatment wetlands accumulated the most Cu followed by Zn, Pb, and Cd, and P. arundinacea distinguished itself through high growth and high uptake. The plants accumulated more in one of the stormwater ponds with no clear explanation. This thesis shows that there is potential in a Swedish climate for floating treatment wetlands for the removal of chloride and heavy metals from polluted water. It will be essential to select species expected to achieve high removal capacity in the intended environment, such as P. arundinacea.
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| 9. |
- Schück, Maria, 1986-
(författare)
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Heavy metal removal by floating treatment wetlands: Plant selection
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Elevated levels of heavy metals and chloride are commonly found in stormwater, as a consequence of pollution from traffic, building material and industries, and the use of salt for deicing in wintertime. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), consisting of vegetated rafts that can be placed in stormwater ponds, may be able to reduce heavy metal and chloride concentrations, but until this date have mainly been used for nutrient removal in warm climates. Plants are essential in FTWs as pollutants are taken up into plant tissues, adsorbed to exposed plant surfaces, precipitated due to chemical interactions with root exudates or bound to plant litter.The aim of the study was to examine: A) which plant species that should be used on FTWs in a cool climate for efficient heavy metal and chloride removal, and B) to identify plant traits that are connected to high pollutant removal capacity as a help for identification of additional suitable species.Thirty-four wetland plant species, all growing in wild in Sweden, were used in the study. These were all grown hydroponically for 5 days in a solution containing 1.2 µg Cd L–1, 68.5 µg Cu L–1 ¸ 78.4 µg Pb L–1, 559 µg Zn L–1 and 55.4 mg Cl L-1. Carex pseudocyperus and Carex riparia were found to quickly reduce the concentration of all added heavy metals, and keep the concentration low for the remainder of the exposure period. In addition, nine species were able to remove all metals except cadmium quickly. High removal capacity of metals was found to be connected to biomass traits, mainly large fine root and leaf biomass, and to transpiration, which is correlated with to leaf biomass. Twenty-three of the tested species have also been evaluated for their chloride uptake, and Phalaris arundinacea and Glyceria maxima were identified as the species with highest chloride removal capacity. Preliminary analysis show that the correlation between biomass and chloride removal capacity is weaker than for heavy metals.In conclusion, the removal capacity of heavy metals and chloride differs between plant species, which can be explained by differences in the traits of the plants. The findings indicate that removal of both heavy metals and chloride can be achieved by FTWs in cold climates using a combination of native plants.
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| 10. |
- Schück, Maria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of salinity and temperature on removal of heavy metals and chloride from water by wetland plants
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stormwater with low temperatures and elevated salinity, common in areas where deicing salt is used, might affect the removal of heavy metals by plants in stormwater treatment systems such as floating treatment wetlands. This short-term study evaluated the effects of combinations of temperature (5, 15, and 25°C) and salinity (0, 100, and 1000 mg NaCl L–1) on the removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn (1.2, 68.5, 78.4, 559 µg L–1) and Cl– (0, 60, and 600 mg Cl– L–1) by Carex pseudocyperus, C. riparia, and Phalaris arundinacea. These species had previously been identified as suitable candidates for floating treatment wetland applications. The study found high removal capacity in all treatment combinations, especially for Pb and Cu. However, low temperatures decreased the removal of all heavy metals, and increased salinity decreased the removal of Cd and Pb but had no effect on the removal of Zn or Cu. No interactions were found between the effects of salinity and of temperature. Carex pseudocyperus best removed Cu and Pb, whereas P. arundinacea best removed Cd, Zu, and Cl–. The removal efficacy for metals was generally high, with elevated salinity and low temperatures having small impacts. The findings indicate that efficient heavy metal removal can also be expected in cold saline waters if the right plant species are used.
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