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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Arevalo-Martinez, D. L., et al.
(författare)
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Ideas and perspectives: Land-ocean connectivity through groundwater
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 20:3, s. 647-662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For millennia, humans have gravitated towards coastlines for theirresource potential and as geopolitical centres for global trade. A basicrequirement ensuring water security for coastal communities relies on adelicate balance between the supply and demand of potable water. Theinteraction between freshwater and saltwater in coastal settings is,therefore, complicated by both natural and human-driven environmentalchanges at the land-sea interface. In particular, ongoing sea-level rise,warming and deoxygenation might exacerbate such perturbations. In thiscontext, an improved understanding of the nature and variability ofgroundwater fluxes across the land-sea continuum is timely yet remains outof reach. The flow of terrestrial groundwater across the coastal transitionzone and the extent of freshened groundwater below the present-dayseafloor are receiving increased attention in marine and coastal sciencesbecause they likely represent a significant yet highly uncertain componentof (bio)geochemical budgets and because of the emerging interest in thepotential use of offshore freshened groundwater as a resource. At the sametime, "reverse" groundwater flux from offshore to onshore is of prevalentsocio-economic interest, as terrestrial groundwater resources arecontinuously pressured by over-pumping and seawater intrusion in many coastalregions worldwide. An accurate assessment of the land-ocean connectivitythrough groundwater and its potential responses to future anthropogenicactivities and climate change will require a multidisciplinary approachcombining the expertise of geophysicists, hydrogeologists, (bio)geochemistsand modellers. Such joint activities will lay the scientific basis forbetter understanding the role of groundwater in societally relevant issuessuch as climate change, pollution and the environmental status of thecoastal oceans within the framework of the United Nations SustainableDevelopment Goals. Here, we present our perspectives on future researchdirections to better understand land-ocean connectivity through groundwater,including the spatial distributions of the essential hydrogeologicalparameters, highlighting technical and scientific developments and brieflydiscussing the societal relevance of that connectivity in rapidly changing coastal oceans.
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- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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- Abd El-Wahed, Aida, et al.
(författare)
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Wasp Venom Biochemical Components and Their Potential in Biological Applications and Nanotechnological Interventions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Toxins. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6651 .- 2072-6651. ; 13:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wasps, members of the order Hymenoptera, are distributed in different parts of the world, including Brazil, Thailand, Japan, Korea, and Argentina. The lifestyles of the wasps are solitary and social. Social wasps use venom as a defensive measure to protect their colonies, whereas solitary wasps use their venom to capture prey. Chemically, wasp venom possesses a wide variety of enzymes, proteins, peptides, volatile compounds, and bioactive constituents, which include phospholipase A2, antigen 5, mastoparan, and decoralin. The bioactive constituents have anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the limited quantities of wasp venom and the scarcity of advanced strategies for the synthesis of wasp venom’s bioactive compounds remain a challenge facing the effective usage of wasp venom. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is currently used to prepare wasp venom peptides and their analogs such as mastoparan, anoplin, decoralin, polybia-CP, and polydim-I. The goal of the current review is to highlight the medicinal value of the wasp venom compounds, as well as limitations and possibilities. Wasp venom could be a potential and novel natural source to develop innovative pharmaceuticals and new agents for drug discovery.
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| 8. |
- Tahir, Haroon Elrasheid, et al.
(författare)
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HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS2, ICP-MS and FT-NIR combined with the chemometrics explain seasonal variation in Cassia senna L. leaves from the coast of Red Sea in Sudan
- 2023
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Ingår i: South African Journal of Botany. - : Elsevier. - 0254-6299 .- 1727-9321. ; 163, s. 20-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crops reveal considerable capability to regulate their phytochemicals and trace element contents to seasonal changes in temperature and rainfalls. In this study, we have measured the secondary metabolites, volatiles, and trace elements of Cassia senna L leaves collected from the Red Sea State, Sudan during winter 2018, summer 2019, and autumn 2020. Chemical profiles were evaluated by High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC); Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). 46 metabolites, 33 volatile compounds, and 13 elements were reported. The findings suggested significant seasonal variations in sennoside (A-B) compounds, which were reported to have positive health effects. In this study, aloesin was identified for the first time in senna leaves. Analysis of seasonal variations was obtained by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant model. Additionally, chemical markers for each harvest season were reported. Overall, the number of metabolites and volatiles identified as a function of the season was autumn > summer> winter. Our results have enhanced the knowledge of the selection of harvesting time, with the best characteristics for the intended therapeutic application.(c) 2023 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Tahir, Haroon Elrasheid, et al.
(författare)
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Smart films fabricated from natural pigments for measurement of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of meat for freshness evaluation : A systematic review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 396
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major databases were searched from January 2012 to August 2021 and 54 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis to estimate the overall mean of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in meat. The mean of TVB-N was 24.96 mg/100 g (95 % CI:23.10-26.82). The pooled estimate of naphthoquinone, curcumin, anthocyanins, alizarin and betalains were 25.98 mg/100 g (95 %CI:19.63-32.33), 30.03 mg/100 g (95 %CI: 24.15-35.91), 24.92 mg/100 g (95 %CI: 22.55-27.30), 23.37 mg/100 g (95 %CI:19.42-27.33) and 19.50 mg/100 g (95 % CI:17.87-21.12), respectively. Meanwhile, subgroups based on meat types showed that smart film was most used in aquatic products at 27.19 mg/100 g (95 %CI:24.97-29.42), followed by red meat at 19.69 mg/100 g (95 % CI:17.44-21.94). Furthermore, 4 degrees C was the most storage temperature used for testing the performance of smart films at 25.48 mg/100 g (95 %CI:23.05-27.90), followed by storage at 25 degrees C of 25.65 mg/100 g (95 % CI:22.17-29.13). Substantial heterogeneity was found across the eligible studies (I-2 = 99 %, p = 0.00). The results of the trim-and-fill method demonstrated publication bias was well controlled.
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| 10. |
- Tahir, Haroon Elrasheid, et al.
(författare)
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The use of analytical techniques coupled with chemometrics for tracing the geographical origin of oils : A systematic review (2013-2020)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 366
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global market for imported, high-quality priced foods has grown dramatically in the last decade, as consumers become more conscious of food originating from around the world. Many countries require the origin label of food to protect consumers need about true characteristics and origin. Regulatory authorities are looking for an extended and updated list of the analytical techniques for verification of authentic oils and to support law implementation. This review aims to introduce the efforts made using various analytical tools in combination with the multivariate analysis for the verification of the geographical origin of oils. The popular analytical tools have been discussed, and scientometric assessment that underlines research trends in geographical authentication and preferred journals used for dissemination has been indicated. Overall, we believe this article will be a good guideline for food industries and food quality control authority to assist in the selection of appropriate methods to authenticate oils.
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