| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Alsved, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Sources of Airborne Norovirus in Hospital Outbreaks
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Clinical Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6591 .- 1058-4838. ; 70:10, s. 2023-2028
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Noroviruses are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis. Disease transmission is difficult to prevent and outbreaks in healthcare facilities commonly occur. Contact with infected persons and contaminated environments are believed to be the main routes of transmission. However, noroviruses have recently been found in aerosols and airborne transmission has been suggested. The aim of our study was to investigate associations between symptoms of gastroenteritis and presence of airborne norovirus, and to investigate the size of norovirus carrying particles.METHODS: Air sampling was repeatedly performed close to 26 patients with norovirus infections. Samples were analysed for norovirus RNA by RT-qPCR. The times since the patients' last episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea were recorded. Size separating aerosol particle collection was also performed in ward corridors.RESULTS: Norovirus RNA was found in 21 (24%) of 86 air samples from 10 different patients. Only air samples during outbreaks, or before a succeeding outbreak, tested positive for norovirus RNA. Airborne norovirus RNA was also strongly associated with a shorter time period since the last vomiting episode (odds ratio 8.1, p=0.04 within 3 hours since the last vomiting episode). The concentration of airborne norovirus ranged from 5-215 copies/m3, and detectable amounts of norovirus RNA were found in particles <0.95 µm and >4.51 µm.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that recent vomiting is the major source of airborne norovirus and imply a connection between airborne norovirus and outbreaks. The presence of norovirus RNA in submicrometre particles indicates that airborne transmission can be an important transmission route.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bäcklund, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Predominant selection of T cells specific for the glycosylated collagen type II epitope (263-270) in humanized transgenic mice and in rheumatoid arthritis.
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 99:15, s. 9960-9965
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with certain MHC class II alleles and is characterized by a chronic autoimmune response in the joints. Using transgenic mice expressing human DR4 (DRB1*0401) and human CD4, but lacking endogenous MHC class II, we show that posttranslational glycosylation of type II collagen (CII) influences the level of T cell tolerance to this candidate cartilage-specific autoantigen. In such mice, the expression of human CII resulted in a tolerized murine T cell response to human CII. However, tolerance induction remained incomplete, preferentially deleting responses to the nonmodified CII 263-270 epitope, whereas T cell recognition of a glycosylated variant of this epitope was affected to a lesser degree. A similar dominance of T cell responses to CII-glycopeptides was recorded in a cohort of severely affected RA-patients (n = 14). Thus, RA T cells predominantly recognize the immunodominant CII peptide in its glycosylated form and may explain why previously it has been difficult to detect T cell responses to CII in RA patients.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hellberg, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae-is it possible?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-1980 .- 0036-5548. ; 44:12, s. 909-914
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The South Swedish Pneumococcal Intervention Project (SSPIP) was started in 1995 with the aim of limiting the spread of penicillin-non-susceptible pneumococci (PNSP) in Skåne County, Sweden. As part of the SSPIP, eradication therapy with rifampicin in combination with 1 more antibiotic was considered on a social indication after prolonged carriage of 2-3 months. Methods: In this retrospective study, 125 medical records were analyzed. Children aged 0-10 y referred for eradication therapy in Malmö and Lund, due to a prolonged nasopharyngeal carriage of PNSP with a penicillin G minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥ 0.5 mg/l, between the y 1997 and 2011 were included. Two consecutive negative cultures, with the second one no shorter than 7 days after treatment completion, were required for the carriage to be considered eradicated. Results: Out of 125 children, 71 received treatment with rifampicin in combination with amoxicillin (n = 44), erythromycin (n = 22), or clindamycin (n = 5) for 7 days. Eradication treatment was successful in 91.5% of the children. Six children (8.5%) had treatment failure with amoxicillin and rifampicin; 3 were found by late follow-up. There was a trend towards a better outcome with erythromycin and clindamycin combinations in comparison to amoxicillin. Conclusions: Eradication therapy was successful, but a proper follow-up is essential.
|
|
| 7. |
- Heydecke, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Human wound infections caused by Neisseria animaloris and Neisseria zoodegmatis, former CDC Group EF-4a and EF-4b.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Neisseria animaloris and Neisseria zoodegmatis, former CDC Group EF-4a and -4b, are considered to be rare zoonotic pathogens, usually associated with dog or cat bites. The aim of the study was to phenotypicaly characterize 13 EF-4 isolates from wound infections, determine their antibiotic susceptibility and to follow the clinical outcome of the patients.METHODS: 13 of the EF-4 isolates were cultured on agar plates. Conventional biochemical tests and the Biolog system were used for phenotypical identification. An arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was carried out to determine the genetic profiles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for different antibiotics were determined. According to this, clinical data for the patients were recorded.RESULTS: 11 isolates were identified as N. animaloris and 2 as N. zoodegmatis due to the production of arginine dihydrolase. A majority of the patients had a history of dog bite. In 6 cases only grewth of N. animaloris or zoodegmatis was registered. When a patient received antibiotic treatment the most common drug of choice was penicillin V. Only 3 patients received treatment for which the isolated EF-4 bacterium was fully susceptible.CONCLUSION: Human infections involving N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis usually present themselves as local wound infection, but severe complications can occur. Despite their pathogenic potentia, l N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis are often misidentified, dismissed as skin contaminants or not recognized at all. Due to the fact that N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis are significant pathogens in animal bites, physicians should keep these bacteria in mind when choosing antibiotic therapy.
|
|
| 8. |
- Holmdahl, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Continued growth after fixation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of children's orthopaedics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1863-2521 .- 1863-2548. ; 10:6, s. 643-650
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When treating slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), a smooth pin with a hook or a short threaded screw can be used to allow further growth, which could be important to prevent the development of impingement and early arthritis. The purpose of this investigation was to measure growth in three dimensions after fixation of SCFE.Sixteen participants with unilateral SCFE, nine girls and seven boys with a median age of 12.0years (range 8.4-15.7years), were included. The slipped hip was fixed with a smooth pin with a hook, and the non-slipped hip was prophylactically pinned. At the time of surgery, tantalum markers were installed bilaterally on each side of the growth plate through the drilled hole for the pin. Examination with radiostereometric analysis (RSA) was performed postoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12months. The position of the epiphysis in relation to the metaphysis was calculated.At 12months, the epiphysis moved caudally, median 0.16mm and posteriorly 2.28mm on the slipped side, in comparison to 2.28 cranially and 0.91mm posteriorly on the non-slipped side, p=0.003 and p=0.030, respectively. Both slipped and non-slipped epiphysis moved medially, 1.52 and 1.74mm, respectively. A marked variation in the movement was noted, especially on the slipped side.The epiphysis moved in relation to the metaphysis after smooth pin fixation, both on the slipped side and on the prophylactically fixed non-slipped side, implying further growth. The RSA method can be used to understand remodelling after 'growth-sparing' fixation of SCFE.
|
|
| 9. |
- Holmdahl, Torsten, et al.
(författare)
-
A Head-to-Head Comparison of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor and Aerosol Room Decontamination Systems.
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0899-823X .- 1559-6834. ; 32:9, s. 831-836
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. New technologies have emerged in recent years for the disinfection of hospital rooms and equipment that may not be disinfected adequately using conventional methods. There are several hydrogen peroxide-based area decontamination technologies on the market, but no head-to-head studies have been performed. Design. We conducted a head-to-head in vitro comparison of a hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) system (Bioquell) and an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system (Sterinis). Setting. The tests were conducted in a purpose-built 136-m(3) test room. Methods. One HPV generator and 2 aHP machines were used, following recommendations of the manufacturers. Three repeated tests were performed for each system. The microbiological efficacy of the 2 systems was tested using 6-log Tyvek-pouched Geobacillus stearothermophilus biological indicators (BIs). The indicators were placed at 20 locations in the first test and 14 locations in the subsequent 2 tests for each system. Results. All BIs were inactivated for the 3 HPV tests, compared with only 10% in the first aHP test and 79% in the other 2 aHP tests. The peak hydrogen peroxide concentration was 338 ppm for HPV and 160 ppm for aHP. The total cycle time (including aeration) was 3 and 3.5 hours for the 3 HPV tests and the 3 aHP tests, respectively. Monitoring around the perimeter of the enclosure with a handheld sensor during tests of both systems did not identify leakage. Conclusion. One HPV generator was more effective than 2 aHP machines for the inactivation of G. stearothermophilus BIs, and cycle times were faster for the HPV system.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
