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| 2. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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All-cellulose nanocomposite fibers produced by melt spinning cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose nanocrystals
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 21:4, s. 2665-2678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bio-based continuous fibers were prepared by melt spinning cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and triethyl citrate. A CNC organo-gel dispersion technique was used and the prepared materials (2 and 10 wt% CNC) were melt spun using a twin-screw micro-compounder and drawn to a ratio of 1.5. The microscopy studies showed that the addition of CNC in CAB resulted in defect-free and smooth fiber surfaces. An addition of 10 wt% CNC enhanced the storage modulus and increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Fiber drawing improved the mechanical properties further. In addition, a micromechanical model of the composite material was used to estimate the stiffness and showed that theoretical values were exceeded for the lower concentration of CNC but not reached for the higher concentration. In conclusion, this dispersion technique combined with melt spinning can be used to produce all-cellulose nanocomposites fibers and that both the increase in CNC volume fraction and the fiber drawing increased the mechanical performance.
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| 3. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Ceramic Foams Containing Platinum Nanoparticles as the Catalyst
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exhaust gases contribute significantly to global warming, but without a catalytic converter, exhaust gases would be even more polluting. Therefore, having a catalytic metal such as platinum nanoparticles on the surface of the pore walls in ceramic foams is a practical way to remove particulate matters and to have an effective catalytic converter in one. The porous structure of the foam filters the particulate matters and the high specific surface area of the Pt nanoparticles in the pores speed up the reactions. The role of platinum is to oxidize carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). In this study, The Pt nanoparticles were coated on the surface of the thermally expandable microspheres (Expancel). The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) confirmed the successful adsorption of Pt on the Expancel surface. In the next step, alumina foams prepared by the gel-casting technique using Pt-coated Expancels as the sacrificial template. The EDS confirmed the successful transfer of the Pt nanoparticles to the pore walls of the foam. The morphology and the porosity of the foams were studied using SEM and X-ray microtomography. Moreover, the compressive strength of the prepared sample in form of the green body, debinded and sintered was measured. The results showed a promising way to design ceramic-based bi-functional foams for eliminating dust and converting harmful gases to nontoxic gases simultaneously.
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| 4. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Dry-spinning of continuous cellulose fibers using only nanofibers from a bio-residue
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionFibers are widely used in polymer composites and the highest mechanical properties are achieved when fibers are continuous and aligned in the direction of the applied load. For this reason continuous glass fiber composites are commonly used in structural applications. These glass fibers have high stiffness (70 GPa) and strength (3400 MPa) but have a high environmental impact. An alternative is to use natural fibers since they have a low environmental impact and good mechanical properties, e.g. flax fibers have a stiffness of 70 GPa and strength of 900 MPa. However, natural fibers are short and discontinuous and conventional spinning results in highly twisted yarns, which negatively impact the mechanical properties of the composites1. One solution to overcome these limitations is to prepare continuous biobased man-made fibers from cellulose. Thermoplastic cellulose-based biopolymers such as cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) can be melt-spun but the low mechanical properties of these fibers make them unsuitable for use in structural composites. Nanoreinforcing as well as aligning the polymer chains and nanoreinforcements were investigated but the improvements in the final properties of CAB nanocomposites fibers were still far below the desired values2,3. Regenerated cellulosic fibers are another type of continuous cellulosic man-made fibers but again their mechanical properties are lower than that of native cellulose, e.g. Lyocell has a stiffness of 16 GPa and strength of 660 MPa. Therefore, of interest is the manufacture of aligned continuous native cellulose fibers. Cellulosic fibers have been prepared by simply wet spinning tempo-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNF) through a syringe into an organic liquid 4, 5. Though, high mechanical properties of the fibers have been reported, tempo-mediated oxidation and using solvents for precipitation does not make the process economical. In the current study, low-cost continuous cellulose fibers from a bio-residue CNF without additional chemicals and solvents were prepared. The effect of spinning rates as well as the effect of CNF concentration on the mechanical properties of the fibers was investigated.ExperimentalCellulose nanofibers were extracted from bleached banana rachis waste using ultra-fine grinder (Masuko Sangyo Co., Saitama, Japan). The bleached fibers were supplied by ECLIPSE project. A suspension of 2wt% was concentrated to different concentrations (8, 10 and 12 wt%) using centrifugation. Dry spinning of the fibers were carried out at three spinning rates (72, 144 and 216 mm/s) using a Rheo-tester 1000 (Göttfert, Buchen, Germany) equipped with a 1 mm single hole die with length of 20 mm. The spun fibers were then collected and mounted on glass sheets before being dried at room temperature followed by oven drying to remove any remaining moisture (Fig. 1). For comparison a nanopaper from the CNF was also made by vacuum filtration and drying.References1. Goutianos et al.: Appl Compos Mater, 2006, 13 199-215.2. Hooshmand et al.: Plast Rubber Compos, 2014, 43 (1) 15-24.3. Hooshmand et al.: Cellulose, 2014 accepted.4. Walter et al.: Adv Mater, 2011, 23 2924-2928.5. Iwamoto et al.: Biomacromolecules, 2011, 12 831-836.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Bio4Energy for financial support of this project as well as ECLIPSE project (grant agreement nº: 280786) for the banana nanofibers.
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| 5. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Dry-Spun Single-Filament Fibers Comprising Solely Cellulose Nanofibers from Bioresidue
- 2015
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 7:23, s. 13022-13028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrated that low-cost and environmentally friendly filaments of native cellulose can be prepared by dry spinning an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The CNF were extracted from banana rachis, a bioresidue from banana cultivation. The relationship between spinning rate, CNF concentration, and the mechanical properties of the filaments were investigated and the results showed that the modulus of the filaments was increased from 7.8 to 12.6 GPa and the strength increased from 131 to 222 MPa when the lowest concentration and highest speed was used. This improvement is believed to be due to an increased orientation of the CNF in the filament. A minimum concentration of 6.5 wt % was required for continuous filament spinning using the current setup. However, this relatively high concentration is thought to limit the orientation of the CNF in the filament. The process used in this study has a good potential for upscaling providing a continuous filament production with well-controlled speed, but further work is required to increase the orientation and subsequently the mechanical properties.
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| 6. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Electroconductive composite fibers by melt spinning of polypropylene/polyamide/carbon nanotubes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 161:15-16, s. 1731-1737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the blends of polypropylene/polyamide with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared and melt spun to as-spun and drawn fibers. Thermal analysis showed that increasing the polyamide content, decreased the degree of crystallinity in the blends. Characterization of fibers showed that both conductivity and tensile strength have been improved by increasing the amount of polyamide in the blends as well as the melt blending temperature; furthermore, the morphology, electrical and mechanical properties of the blends were significantly influenced by adding 1 phr compatibilizer to the blend. The comparison between as-spun fibers and drawn fibers proved that although mechanical properties were improved after drawing, the electrical conductivity was decreased from the order of E−02 to E−06 (S/cm), due to applied draw-ratio of three.
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| 7. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced alignment and mechanical properties through the use of hydroxyethyl cellulose in solvent-free native cellulose spun filaments
- 2017
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Ingår i: Composites Science And Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-3538 .- 1879-1050. ; 150, s. 79-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the addition of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) in cellulose nanofiber filaments is shown to improve the solvent-free processing and mechanical properties of these biobased fibers as well as their compatibility with epoxy. An aqueous dope of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with HEC was spun and the resulting filaments cold-drawn. The HEC increased the wet strength of the dope allowing stable spinning of low concentrations of CNF. These lower concentrations promote nanofiber alignment which is further improved by cold-drawing. Alignment improves the modulus and strength and an increase of over 70% compared to the as-spun CNF only filaments was achieved. HEC also decreases hydrophilicity thus increasing slightly the interfacial shear strength of the filaments with epoxy resin. The result is continuous biobased fibers with improved epoxy compatibility that can be prepared in an upscalable and environmentally friendly way. Further optimization is expected to increase draw ratio and consequently mechanical properties.
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| 8. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Exploiting the self-assembly of cellulose nanofibers in wet and dry spun fibers
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the current study, self-assembled cellulose fibers were prepared by wet spinning and dry spinning of the cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The CNF were prepared using a low-cost and energy efficient procedure from a bio-residue source without using any additional chemical treatments. Different concentrations of CNF in water were simply wet spun into an acetone coagulation bath as well as dry spun into the air. These different spinning conditions as well as the effect of concentration and shear force on the orientation of the CNF in the spun fibres and mechanical properties of these fibers were investigated. Using viscosity measurements, the theoretical shear forces are calculated and related to orientation and the mechanical properties. It is this shearing during the loosely bound suspension state of the CNF that is thought to allow an increase in orientation of the CNF in the spun fibre. This orientation is then maintained by the presence of the hydroxyl group on the surface of the CNF resulting in hydrogen bonds between the CNF. This self-assembly of the more orientated CNF as the fibres dry provided high stiffness and low ductility to the resulting fiber. These characteristics and the fact that they are continuous fibres make them very suitable to use in the structural composites. The fibers were further characterized regarding viscoelasticity behavior and thermal properties as well as crystallinity and microstructure.
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| 9. |
- Hooshmand, Saleh, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Matrix and Cold-drawing on Dry Spun Filaments of Cellulose Nanofibers
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, two different types of single filament fibers were prepared by dry-spinning an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as well as CNF and water-soluble hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) suspension. The filaments were prepared using a capillary rheometer with a single-hole die. Based on our previous study1, the lowest spinnable concentration was used to increase the CNF orientation induced by the shear force in the die. To further increase the orientation of the CNF in the fibers and subsequently increase their mechanical properties, the semi-dried fibers were cold-drawn to ≈4%. The effect of drawing on both CNF-only and CNF-HEC nanocomposite fibers was investigated. The addition of HEC improved the processability of the fibers and allowed a lower spinnable concentration (≈4.5wt%) to be used compared to the CNF-only fiber (≈7wt%). The HEC improved the modulus, strength and the strain of the non-drawn CNF-HEC fiber compared to the CNF-only fiber. The higher modulus and strength of the CNF-HEC fiber is thought to be due to an increase in orientation of CNF in the fiber because of the lower concentration of the suspension. The drawn CNF-HEC fiber showed further improved in the mechanical properties, with a modulus of 15 GPa and strength of 260 MPa, an increase of 76% and 72 % respectively, compared to undrawn CNF-only fiber. The continuous nature of these nanocomposites fibers and their characteristics mean they have potential for use in fiber-reinforced composites.
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