| 1. |
- Ding, Haoming, et al.
(författare)
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Progress in Structural Tailoring and Properties of Ternary Layered Ceramics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Inorganic Materials. - : SCIENCE PRESS. - 1000-324X. ; 38:8, s. 845-884
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- MAX/MAB phases are a series of non-van der Waals ternary layered ceramic materials with a hexagonal structure, rich in elemental composition and crystal structure, and embody physical properties of both ceramics and metals. They exhibit great potential for applications in extreme environments such as high temperature, strong corrosion, and irradiation. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials derived from the MAX/MAB phase (MXene and MBene) have attracted enormous interest in the fields of materials physics and materials chemistry and become a new 2D van der Waals material after graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. Therefore, structural modulation of MAX/MAB phase materials is essential for understanding the intrinsic properties of this broad class of layered ceramics and for investigating the functional properties of their derived structures. In this paper, we summarize new developments in MAX/MAB phases in recent years in terms of structural modulation, theoretical calculation, and fundamental application research and provide an outlook on the key challenges and prospects for the future development of these layered materials.
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| 2. |
- Sampson, Joshua N., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Heritability and Shared Heritability Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies for 13 Cancer Types
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 107:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies of related individuals have consistently demonstrated notable familial aggregation of cancer. We aim to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation attributable to the additive effects of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for cancer at 13 anatomical sites. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, the US National Cancer Institute has generated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 49 492 cancer case patients and 34 131 control patients. We apply novel mixed model methodology (GCTA) to this GWAS data to estimate the heritability of individual cancers, as well as the proportion of heritability attributable to cigarette smoking in smoking-related cancers, and the genetic correlation between pairs of cancers. Results: GWAS heritability was statistically significant at nearly all sites, with the estimates of array-based heritability, h(l)(2), on the liability threshold (LT) scale ranging from 0.05 to 0.38. Estimating the combined heritability of multiple smoking characteristics, we calculate that at least 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 37%) and 7% (95% CI = 4% to 11%) of the heritability for lung and bladder cancer, respectively, can be attributed to genetic determinants of smoking. Most pairs of cancers studied did not show evidence of strong genetic correlation. We found only four pairs of cancers with marginally statistically significant correlations, specifically kidney and testes (rho = 0.73, SE = 0.28), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and pediatric osteosarcoma (rho = 0.53, SE = 0.21), DLBCL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (rho = 0.51, SE = 0.18), and bladder and lung (rho = 0.35, SE = 0.14). Correlation analysis also indicates that the genetic architecture of lung cancer differs between a smoking population of European ancestry and a nonsmoking Asian population, allowing for the possibility that the genetic etiology for the same disease can vary by population and environmental exposures. Conclusion: Our results provide important insights into the genetic architecture of cancers and suggest new avenues for investigation.
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| 3. |
- Dou, Shihan, et al.
(författare)
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Decorrelate Irrelevant, Purify Relevant : Overcome Textual Spurious Correlations from a Feature Perspective
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural language understanding (NLU) models tend to rely on spurious correlations (i.e., dataset bias) to achieve high performance on in-distribution datasets but poor performance on out-of-distribution ones. Most of the existing debiasing methods often identify and weaken these samples with biased features (i.e., superficial surface features that cause such spurious correlations). However, down-weighting these samples obstructs the model in learning from the non-biased parts of these samples. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose to eliminate spurious correlations in a fine-grained manner from a feature space perspective. Specifically, we introduce Random Fourier Features and weighted re-sampling to decorrelate the dependencies between features to mitigate spurious correlations. After obtaining decorrelated features, we further design a mutual-information-based method to purify them, which forces the model to learn features that are more relevant to tasks. Extensive experiments on two well-studied NLU tasks demonstrate that our method is superior to other comparative approaches.
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| 4. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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| 5. |
- Fu, Le, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding microstructure-mechanical properties relationship in ZrO2-SiO2 nanocrystalline glass-ceramics : The effect of ZrO2 content
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The content of crystalline phase plays a significant role in manipulating the microstructure and mechanical properties of glass-ceramics. This study aims at exploring the optimum content of crystalline phase in ZrO2-SiO2 nanocrystalline glass-ceramics (NCGCs) in terms of obtaining the highest mechanical properties. To this end, the mechanical properties of ZrO2-SiO2 NCGCs with 70 mol%, 75 mol%, 80 mol% ZrO2 were tested and compared with those of the previously prepared NCGCs with ZrO2 content ranging from 35 mol% to 65 mol%. Results showed that 65 mol% was the optimum content of ZrO2 in terms of obtaining the highest flexural strength. The flexural strength of NCGCs with ZrO2 content over 65 mol% was lower than that of the NCGCs with 65 mol% ZrO2. This was because the NCGC with 65 mol% ZrO2 had a homogenous microstructure, with ZrO2 nano crystallites homogeneously distributed in an amorphous SiO2 matrix. Whereas, when ZrO2 content was increased to 75 mol%, ZrO2 nanocrystallites were not homogeneously distributed in the SiO2 matrix anymore. The formation of SiO2 "holes/canyon " due to ZrO2 grain coalescence resulted in the decrease of flexural strength. The fracture mechanism and wear properties of the NCGCs were also investigated.
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| 6. |
- Hou, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Associations of indoor carbon dioxide concentrations, air temperature, and humidity with perceived air quality and sick building syndrome symptoms in Chinese homes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 31:4, s. 1018-1028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The indoor environment influences occupants' health. From March 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019, we continuously monitored indoor temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and CO2 concentration in bedrooms via an online system in 165 residences that covered all five climate zones of China. Meanwhile, we asked one specific occupant in each home to complete questionnaires about perceived air quality and sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms at the end of each month. Higher CO2 concentration was significantly associated with a higher percentage of perceived stuffy odor and skin SBS symptoms. Higher relative humidity was associated with higher percentage of perceived moldy odor and humid air, while lower RH was associated with a higher percentage of perceived dry air. Occupants who lived in residences with high RH were less likely to have mucosal and skin SBS symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.73-0.78). However, the benefit of high humidity for perceived dry air and skin dryness symptoms is weaker if there is a high CO2 concentration level.
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| 7. |
- Li, Kefei, et al.
(författare)
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RILEM recommendation from TC 289-DCM: guideline for designing and operating long-term marine exposure sites
- 2024
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Ingår i: Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions. - 1359-5997. ; 57:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This guideline prescribes the technical requirements for the design and operation of long-term exposure sites in marine environments. The technical content includes the design of exposure site, the monitoring of environmental conditions, the monitoring of exposed specimens, the data management and the maintenance of exposure facilities. The design of exposure site covers the choice of exposure sites, the exposure infrastructure and facilities, exposure specimens and their placing and protection. Then, the guideline defines the environmental factors to be monitored and the corresponding monitoring methods. For the exposed specimens, the guideline specifies the target performance to monitor, the sampling, the testing and the reporting of exposure results. The data management deals with such aspects as the data storage, data transmission and the data sharing. At the end, the guideline gives the principles for the maintenance of the exposure facilities. This guideline summarizes the best practice of long-term exposure in marine environments, and it is expected to support the normalization of exposure practice and to generate more added values from this practice.
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| 8. |
- Mao, Junjie, et al.
(författare)
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A Web of Things Based Device-adaptive Service Composition Framework
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE). - : IEEE. - 9781509061198 - 9781509061204 ; , s. 40-47
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In WoT environment, smart things provide RESTful services to expose their resources and operations. There are a large number of smart things that offer the same functionalities but have different service interfaces. Because of the high coupling between device service instances and process specifications like BPEL, the cost of reusing a BPEL specification between different device environments could be extremely high. We propose a device-adaptive service composition framework for WoT environment, in order to help users to apply the business process and service composition technologies more conveniently. In the framework, we design an activity description model, which is a semantic description for business activities, to overcome the shortcoming of directly binding the process and the service. Then, a matching mechanism between the model and the WADL of device services is proposed to select candidate services for the composition. Furthermore, we represent the matching result in a logical composition model, with which the source code of a general service can be automatically generated. The general service is a unified encapsulation for device services that match the functionalities of business activity. So user can interact with the general service instead of the origin services on the device, which decouples the process specification and the actual device services. A case study is offered to illustrate how to apply our framework in an intelligent charging pile sharing platform.
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| 9. |
- Niu, Guoxiang, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen addition and mowing had only weak interactive effects on macronutrients in plant-soil systems of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - 0301-4797. ; 347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective management of macronutrients is pivotal in the optimization and provisioning of ecosystem services in grassland areas, particularly in degraded grasslands. In such instances where mowing and nitrogen (N) fertilization have emerged as predominant management strategies, nutrient management is especially important. However, the precise effects of these concurrent practices on the distribution of macronutrients in plant-soil systems remain unclear. Here we evaluated the effects of 12 years of N addition (2, 10, and 50 g N m−2 year−1) and mowing on the concentrations and pools of six macronutrients (i.e., N; phosphorus P; sulfur S, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, and potassium K) in three plant components (aboveground plants, litter, and belowground roots) at the community level and in the soil in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Our results revealed that N addition generally raised the N concentration in the entire plant-soil system, regardless of whether plots were mowed. Higher N addition (10 and 50 g N m−2 year−1) also led to higher concentrations of P (+22%, averaging two N addition rates), S (+16%), K (+22%), Ca (+22%), and Mg (+24%) in plants but lower concentrations of these nutrients in the litter. Similar decreases in K (−9%), Ca (−46%), and Mg (−8%) were observed in the roots. In light of the observed increases in vegetation biomass and the lack of pronounced changes in soil bulk density, we found that the ecosystem N enrichment resulted in increased pools of all measured macronutrients in plants, litter, and roots (with the exception of Ca in the roots) while concurrently decreased the pools of P (−20%, averaging two higher N addition rates), S (−12%), K (−10%), Ca (−37%), and Mg (−19%) in the soil, with no obvious effect of the mowing practice. Overall, mowing exhibited a very limited capacity to alleviate the effects of long-term N addition on macronutrients in the plant-soil system. These findings highlight the importance of considering the distribution of macronutrients across distinct plant organs and the dynamic nutrient interplay between plants and soil, particularly in the context of long-term fertilization and mowing practices, when formulating effective grassland management strategies.
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| 10. |
- Wang, Bohan, et al.
(författare)
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Low-temperature and flexible strategy to in-situ fabricate ZrSiO4-based ceramic composites via doping and tuning solid-state reaction
- 2023
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ADVANCED CERAMICS. - : Tsinghua University Press. - 2226-4108 .- 2227-8508. ; 12:6, s. 1238-1257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synthetic zircon (ZrSiO4) ceramics are typically fabricated at elevated temperatures (over 1500 degrees C), which would lead to high manufacturing cost. Meanwhile, reports about preparing ZrSiO4-based ceramic composites via controlling the solid-state reaction between zirconia (ZrO2) and silica (SiO2) are limited. In this work, we proposed a low-temperature strategy to flexibly design and fabricate ZrSiO4-based ceramic composites via doping and tuning the solid-state reaction. Two ceramic composites and ZrSiO4 ceramics were in-situ prepared by reactive fast hot pressing (FHP) at approximately 1250 degrees C based on the proposed strategy, i.e., a ZrSiO4-SiO2 dual-phase composite with bicontinuous interpenetrating and hierarchical microstructures, a ZrSiO4-ZrO2 dual-phase composite with a microstructure of ZrO2 submicron- and nano-particles embedded in a micron ZrSiO4 matrix, and ZrSiO4 ceramics with a small amount of residual ZrO2 nanoparticles. The results showed that the phase compositions, microstructure configurations, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the materials can be flexibly regulated by the proposed strategy. Hence, ZrSiO4-based ceramic composites with different properties can be easily fabricated based on different application scenarios. These findings would offer useful guidance for researchers to flexibly fabricate ZrSiO4-based ceramic composites at low temperatures and tailor their microstructures and properties through doping and tuning the solid-state reaction.
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