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- Fountoulakis, KN, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship of suicide rates to economic variables in Europe: 2000-2011
- 2014
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Ingår i: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 1472-1465. ; 205:6, s. 486-496
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is unclear whether there is a direct link between economic crises and changes in suicide rates.AimsThe Lopez-Ibor Foundation launched an initiative to study the possible impact of the economic crisis on European suicide rates.MethodData was gathered and analysed from 29 European countries and included the number of deaths by suicide in men and women, the unemployment rate, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the annual economic growth rate and inflation.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between suicide rates and all economic indices except GPD per capita in men but only a correlation with unemployment in women. However, the increase in suicide rates occurred several months before the economic crisis emerged.ConclusionsOverall, this study confirms a general relationship between the economic environment and suicide rates; however, it does not support there being a clear causal relationship between the current economic crisis and an increase in the suicide rate.
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- de Smet, P., et al.
(författare)
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Gender and regional differences in perceived job stress across Europe
- 2005
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Ingår i: Eur J Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 15:5, s. 536-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Over the last 20 years stress at work has been found to be predictive of several conditions such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and non-specific sick leave. The Karasek demand/control/strain concept has been the most widely used in prospective epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVES: To describe distribution in Karasek's demand/control (DC) dimensions as well as prevalence of strain in samples from different parts of Europe grouped into three regions (South, Middle, Sweden), adjusting for occupation. To describe gender differences in Karasek's DC dimensions along with strain prevalence and assess the regional stability of those differences in different occupational groups. DESIGN: The Job stress, Absenteeism and Coronary heart disease in Europe (JACE) study, a Concerted Action (Biomed I) of the European Union, is a multicentre prospective cohort epidemiological study: 38,019 subjects at work aged 35-59 years were surveyed at baseline. Standardised techniques were used for occupation coding (International Standardised Classification of Occupations) and for the DC model (Karasek scale): five items for the psychological demand and nine items for the control or decision latitude dimensions, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 34,972 subjects had a complete data set. There were important regional differences in the Karasek scales and in prevalence of strain even after adjustment for occupational class. Mean demand and control were higher in the Swedish centres when compared to two centres in Milano and Barcelona (Southern region) and values observed in four centres (Ghent, Brussels, Lille and Hoofddorp) in Middle Europe were closer to those observed in the Southern cities than to those obtained in the Swedish cities. Clerks (ISCO 4) and, more specifically, office clerks (ISCO 41) exhibited the smallest regional variation. In a multivariate model, the factor 'region' explained a small fraction of total variance. In the two Southern centres as well as in the four Middle European centres, men perceived marginally less job-demand as compared to women whereas the reverse was observed in the two Swedish centres. Differences were larger for control: men appeared to perceive more control at work than did women. In a multivariate model, gender explained a small fraction whereas occupational level explained a large fraction of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: In this standardised multicentre European study Karasek's DC model showed large gender and occupational differences whereas geographic region explained a small fraction of the total DC variance, notwithstanding large differences in labour market and working conditions as pointed out by the European Commission as recently as 2000.
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- Henriksson, S, et al.
(författare)
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Infrequent use of antidepressants in depressed individuals (an interview and prescription database study in a defined Swedish population 2001-2002)
- 2006
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Ingår i: European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0924-9338. ; 21:6, s. 355-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose:To investigate whether antidepressants are over-used, under-used, or misused, by determining to what extent the depressed individuals in a defined population are treated with antidepressant medication and, from the other end, to what extent prescribed antidepressants are aimed for the treatment of depression.Subjects and method:From an individual based prescription database in the County of Jämtland, 2048 individuals representative for the general population were selected. The presence of current depression in these individuals was screened by a mailed self-screening questionnaire. Individuals with depression according to the questionnaire were interviewed by a psychiatrist using a structured interview (SCAN) to confirm the diagnosis. Their use of antidepressants was obtained from the prescription database.Results:Sixty-two (4.5%) out of 1375 were diagnosed with depression and 17 (27%) of these were taking an antidepressant. In addition 44 individuals, currently not depressed, were taking antidepressants. Twenty-five of these were interviewed per telephone and it was found that the indications for 18 of them were continuation treatment of depression, and for seven of them pain, sleep disturbance or anxiety.Conclusion:Antidepressants appear to be under-used in the population. Only one in four of the depressed individuals was treated with antidepressant medication. Those who had antidepressant medication without being currently depressed had, with few exceptions, either continuation treatment for depression in remission or treatment on other approved indications.
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