| 1. |
- Allentoft, Morten E., et al.
(författare)
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Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625:7994, s. 301-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.
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| 2. |
- Aaberge, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Compared to the United States
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Review of Income and Wealth. - : Blackwell Publishers Ltd. - 1475-4991 .- 0034-6586. ; 48:4, s. 443-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares income inequality and income mobility in the Scandinavian countries and the United States during 1980-90. The results suggest that inequality is greater in the United States than in the Scandinavian countries and that this inequality ranking of countries remains unchanged when the accounting period of income is extended from one to eleven years. The pattern of mobility turns out to be remarkably similar, in the sense that the proportionate reduction in inequality from extending the accounting period of income is much the same. But we do find evidence of greater dispersion of first differences of relative earnings and income in the United States. Relative income changes are associated with changes in labor market and marital status in all four countries, but the magnitude of such changes are largest in the United States.
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| 5. |
- Blume, Kraen, et al.
(författare)
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At the Lower End of the Table: Determinants of Poverty among Immigrants to Denmark and Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnic and Migratoin Studies. - 1369-183X. ; 33:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we study determinants of relative poverty among immigrants and natives in Denmark and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s. Denmark and Sweden share the same properties in a range of labour market and welfare state characteristics. At the same time they differ very much in cyclical profiles and immigration experiences during recent decades. Both countries have followed the same principles regarding immigration policy, i.e. immigration from low income countries has been restricted to tied movers and refugees. We use 60 percent of the median in the distribution of equivalent disposable as poverty line. Data comes from two large panels based on administrative data. We find that immigrants have higher poverty rates than natives in both countries and that this difference has clearly increased in both countries. The paper reports results based on running probability models of poverty incidence. Explanatory variables include measures of years since immigration, demographic characteristics, and variables measuring country of origin. We conclude that a significant part of the difference in aggregate immigrant poverty rates reflect differences in composition by country of origin and differences in the structure of benefits to families with children.
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| 6. |
- Galloway, Taryn Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Fattigdom bland invandrarbarn - Den nordiska modellens akilleshäl
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 38:6, s. 57-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barnfattigdom i Danmark, Norge och Sverige åren 1993 till 2001 undersöks med hjälp av paneldata. Medan färre än 10 procent av barn med inhemsk bakgrund i alla tre länderna är fattiga har den allt större andelen barn med rötter i medel- eller låginkomstländer fattigdomsrisker som varierar mellan 38 och hela 58 procent. Vid observationsperioden slut hade var tredje fattigt barn i Norge invandrarbakgrund, och motsvarande andel är så hög som kring hälften i Danmark och Sverige. Barnfattigdomsrisker är som regel höga kort efter ankomsten till det nya landet, och faller med år sedan invandringen. Multivariat analys visar att föräldrarnas vistelsetid och utbildning påverkar risken för varaktig barnfattigdom. I stora drag är bilden den samma i alla de tre länderna, men det finns även vissa skillnader.
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| 7. |
- Galloway, Taryn Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Immigrant Child Poverty - The Achilles Heel of the Scandinavian Welfare States
- 2015
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Ingår i: Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Economic Mobility. Thesia I. Garner , Kathleen S. Short (eds.). - : Emerald. - 9781785603877 ; , s. 185-219
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immigrant and native child poverty in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 1993–2001 is studied using large sets of panel data. While native children face yearly poverty risks of less than 10 percent in all three countries and for all years studied the increasing proportion of immigrant children with an origin in middle- and low-income countries have poverty risks that vary from 38 up to as much as 58 percent. At the end of the observation period, one third of the poor children in Norway and as high as about a half in Denmark and in Sweden are of immigrant origin. The strong overrepresentation of immigrant children from low- and middle-income countries when measured in yearly data is also found when applying a longer accounting period for poverty measurement. We find that child poverty rates are generally high shortly after arrival to the new country and typically decrease with years since immigration. Multivariate analysis shows that parents years since immigration and education affect risks of the number of periods in persistent poverty. While a native child is very unlikely to spend nine years in poverty, the corresponding risk for a child to a newly arrived immigrant was found to be far from negligible. Much of the pattern is similar across the three countries but there are also some notable differences.
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| 9. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Nya fattigdomsrisker i de skandinaviska välfärdsstaterna?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Äldre i Centrum. - 1653-3585 .- 2003-4776. ; 36:1, s. 46-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under 1970- och 1980-talen var arbetsmarknaden i Danmark mindre gynnsam än den i Sverige. Denna skillnad mellan länderna har haft långsiktiga konsekvenser för migranterna till respektive land.
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| 10. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Older immigrants – new poverty risk in Scandinavian welfare states?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of ethnic and migration studies. - 1369-183X. ; 48:19, s. 4648-4669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many European high-income countries face a rapid increase in the number of immigrants from low- and middle-income countries reaching the normal pension age. Thus, it is increasingly relevant to ask: how are older migrants from such countries faring? Here we study poverty rates and determinants of poverty among natives and persons born in Bosnia, Iran, Iraq, Yugoslavia and Turkey living in Denmark or Sweden in 2010. Income data on all such persons aged 65–82 living in the two destination countries are analysed. In both Denmark and Sweden, we report much higher poverty rates among the immigrants studied than among natives. Estimated probability models show that being poor is related to a person’s education, family status and age, as well as year of arrival in the destination country and the labour market and his or her residential status at the age of 55. However, the labour market in the destination country at the time of arrival also matter. Persons born in Yugoslavia or Turkey who had immigrated to Denmark during the ‘70s and ‘80s were more likely to be in poverty in 2010 that their counterparts with the same characteristics who had immigrated to Sweden.
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