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- Andersson, Kent, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Forecast 2012: Military utility of ten technologies : a report from seminars at the SNDC Department of Military Technology
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ten technology forecast reports from the Fraunhofer Institute have been reviewed by staff at the Department of Military-Technology at the Swedish National Defence College (Note that there probably are other technology areas, equally interesting, but not included in this study). The task given by FMV was to assess the military utility of the chosen technologies in a time frame from 2025 to 2030, from a SwAF viewpoint.The method used was first to make a summary of each forecast report. The technology was then put into one or more scenarios that are assessed to be the best in order to show possible utility as well as possibilities and drawbacks of the technology. Based on a SWOT-analysis, the contribution to SwAF capabilities and the cost in terms of acquisition, C2 footprint, logistic footprint, doctrine/TTP, training, facilities and R&D were assessed. Conclusions regarding the military utility of the technology were drawn.We introduce our definition of military utility as being activities that efficiently and with the lowest cost in terms of lives and materiel lead to fulfilment of the mission objectives.The technologies were grouped in three classes; technologies with a significant potential, with uncertain potential and with negligible potential.The following technologies were assessed to have a significant potential for military utility;Augmented RealityNano air vehiclesSolid State Laser weaponsIn the scenarios studied, Augmented Reality (AR) is assessed to have a positive impact on several SwAF capabilities, especially for C2 and intelligence. AR is a relatively mature technology, applicable in many different branches. There are examples where AR is already applied with great success, e.g. Head-Up-Displays, HUD. The technology has proven its value. However, there are well known drawbacks to the technology such as weaknesses regarding models, increased weight for dismounted soldiers, power consumption etc. There is also a risk that personnel will have problems solving their tasks when AR systems fail, not being used to fighting without supporting systems.Nano air vehicles (NAV’s) have been assessed to contribute to a large range of capabilities, primarily intelligence. Their lifecycle cost has been assessed to be low, since development in this area is commercially driven, bringing down acquisition costs. Also, FAA has decided to allow NAV’s in controlled air space from 2015, which is expected to lead to an increase in civilian use of NAV’s. The technology is relatively mature even though there are obstacles concerning suitable materials, energy efficient propulsion systems as well as miniaturized microprocessors and software to control them.In the scenario studied, High Energy Solid State Lasers are assessed to have a positive impact on SwAF capabilities to engage targets on surface and in the air. The technology can be used to protect vessels on the surface and thereby increase survivability. The development of SSL in the given timeframe is expected to lower cost per shot and avoid the environmental problems with use of chemical lasers. Neighbouring military powers are expected to use laser weapons in the future, therefore SwAF should monitor the development of the laser weapons technology and develop and purchase adequate countermeasures.The following technologies were assessed to have uncertain potential for military utility;Metamaterial cloakingElectromagnetic gunSmall satellitesUltra-violet communicationMetamaterial cloaking, if realisable in the future, is assessed to be firstly implemented in the acoustic spectrum, since manufacturing of small structured cloaks for the shorter wavelengths in the optic and radar spectra is believed to be more difficult. Cloaking of submarines is primarily assessed to increase the survivability against torpedoes having active sonar. The use of cloaked mines could pose a deterring threat, even to advanced amphibious operations against Sweden. The technological development in this area should be closely monitored and compared to existing, maturing techniques for countermeasures and for the development of broad spectrum active torpedoes. The greatest concern is that cloaking will have negative impact on submarine manoeuvrability.The electro-thermal chemical (ETC) gun seems to be a first step towards a fully electrical gun such as the rail-gun or the coil-gun. The fully electrical guns have been a work in progress for some decades and there are still remaining challenges both concerning electrical power supply and design materials. When or if, they will be operational is difficult to say.The military utility of small satellites is disputed, despite an assessed contribution to several of the SwAF capabilities. The main reason for this is that there seems to be other alternatives which provide the desired capabilities, at a lower cost. Furthermore, the realisability and performance of small productionline manufactured nanosatellites is uncertain. However the scenario has shown that there are benefits to the military utility not met by other resources, e.g. the capability to perform surveillance and reconnaissance in operational areas globally without risking violation of the territorial integrity of other states or the lives of military personnel. Since there is a great interest in the technology area and several programmes are ongoing internationally the knowledgebase is assessed to be significantly better in a five year period. Also, the Swedish in depth study of space exploitation is soon to report.Ultra-violet communication has uncertain potential for military utility within the period, but the technology is assessed to have a positive impact on SwAF capability to maintain communications. The theoretical understanding of the area is low It is therefore uncertain if systems can be realized in the time frame. However, if commercial applications are developed, the prospect of military applications might change. In that case UV-communication could be a complement to RF- communication but is not foreseen to replace it. The following technologies were assessed to have negligible potential for military utility;Biomimetic unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV)Automated behaviour AnalysisEvolutionary RoboticsBiomimetic UUV’s could be used for covert surveillance and inconspicuous naval reconnaissance missions at sea or in amphibious missions. Even though the report focuses on fishlike propulsion, the military utility of UUV’s is assessed to be mostly dependent on the development of advanced automation and learning systems. As of now, we assess other existing technologies as being preferable due to lower cost and less complexity. The performance of UUV’s needed for SwAF capabilities are assessed to be far off into the future. Simpler UUV systems could however be used by potential adversaries for monitoring our own base areas and hence the development should be monitored from a protection point of view.Automated behaviour analysis may be of some relevance for increased security screening and surveillance. The primary military utility of the technology will however probably be for international activities and to a lesser extent for increased base security in Sweden. Generally the main applications for this kind of technology are assessed to be for civilian use in public spaces and close to high value areas like airports, important official buildings and other similar objects.Evolutionary Robotics, here restricted to the sub domain Advanced Robotics, has uncertain potential for military utility within the period. In the scenarios studied the technology is assessed to have a positive impact on a broad range of SwAF capabilities. The area is large and inconsistent comprising sub areas that are assessed to have significant potential, but also those that are believed to have negligible potential or where technological obstacles might retard the development.Our evaluation of the used method shows that there is a risk that the assessment is biased by the participating experts’ presumptions and experiences from their own field of research. The scenarios that were chosen do not cover all possible aspects of the technology and their possible contribution to operational capabilities. It should be stressed that we have assessed the ten technologies’ military utility in the presented scenarios, not the technology itself. The chosen definition of military utility clearly affects the result of the study. The definition is believed to be good enough for this report, but could be further elaborated in the future.The greatest value of the method used is its simplicity, cost effectiveness and the trade off that it promotes learning within the working group. The composition of the working group and the methodology used is believed to provide for a broad and balanced coverage of the technologies under study.
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| 3. |
- Axberg, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Lärobok i Militärteknik, vol. 9 : Teori och metod
- 2013. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ämnet militärteknik utgår från att tekniska system är officerens arbetsredskap och att en förståelse för och kunskap om dessa verktyg är central för att kunna utöva professionen framgångsrikt. Denna nionde volym av Lärobok i Militärteknik, benämnd Teori och Metod, behandlar centrala begrepp, teorier och postulat samt metoder för värdering av teknik och består av ett antal texter författade av 16 forskare och lärare vid den militärtekniska avdelningen. Volymen riktar sig främst till de som inlett sin officersutbildning och utgörs till stora delar av ett kompilat av publicerade och opublicerade militärtekniska texter och kan sägas utgöra militärteknikens ”state of the art”.
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| 4. |
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ECTS and assessment in higher education : Conference proceedings
- 2006
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This document is the conference proceedings from the multidisciplinary research conference ECTS and Assessment in Higher Education, Umeå University, Sweden, June 7-9, 2006. ECTS is an abbreviation for the European Credit Transfer System. The conference had 130 participants, from 28 countries, and 16 poster- and paper-presenters. The invited keynote speakers were: Marianne Hildebrand, Terence Karran, Margaret Price and Ulrich Teichler. The first part contains the acknowledgements, the programme and the keynote speakers’ biographies together with a description of the context for the conference and the key concepts that were discussed during the conference. The second part contains a selection of the posters and papers that were presented during the conference. The conference was organised by the Department of Educational Measurement, Umeå University, Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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CLOSE-RTK 3: High-performance Real-TimeGNSS Services
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents the results from the third project of the CLOSE effort (Chalmers,Lantmäteriet, Onsala, RISE). The first project, CLOSE-RTK, investigated error sources inNetwork-RTK and simulated how to improve the performance. The results were used as a basisfor the densification, improvement and development of SWEPOS(https://swepos.lantmateriet.se/ ) during the last decade. The second project investigated how theionosphere effects the Network-RTK services.When the SWEPOS network are densified, the measurement uncertainty in the services arereduced. Thus, there is a need to continuously work in order to minimize effects from allsignificant error sources. Based on indications and experience from some 25 years operation ofSWEPOS, we have here focused on effects and error sources related to GNSS referencestations. Several new GNSS monuments are installed in the vicinity of the new Twin telescopesat the Onsala Space Observatory. Four good locations for permanent GNSS installations wereequipped with steel-grid masts serving as monuments for permanent GNSS installations. In twoof these, the installation has been untouched over a period extending over one year, while twohave been used to experiment with different installations of antennas, radomes, masthead, andthe environment of the receiving systems. The purpose of CLOSE-RTK III has been both toimprove the knowledge of the station-dependent effects in SWEPOS, and to quantify sucheffects by analyzing the collected observational data. Thus, the first work package has had theultimate goal to provide knowledge and recommendations when building a new GNSS stationand choosing the equipment to be used. The first work package also addresses the issue of somespecific station-dependent effects such as the monument stability as a function of airtemperature and sun radiation. The most important and significant results from these testsrelates to the effects of using different radomes and antennas. The influence of adding a tribrachbetween the antenna and the mast as well as adding a microwave-absorbing plate at the stationshas been investigated in detail. Furthermore, this study has looked in to the problem with birdslanding on the antennas in order to keep watch over the surrounding. A bird-detection algorithmhas been developed within the project.In second work package we investigate the necessity, and possibility, to develop methods forstation-dependent calibration in addition to the antenna-specific calibrations used to today.Since the performance of positioning services, e.g. Network-RTK, is steadily improved the errorsources related to the continuously operating reference stations may soon be limiting factors forfurther improvement of performance. Station dependent effects are thus important in highaccuracy GNSS positioning. Electrical coupling between the antenna and its near-fieldenvironment changes the characteristics of the antenna from what has been determined in e.g.absolute robot or chamber calibration.When using the presently available antenna models GNSS determination of the heightdifference between the SWEPOS pillar antennas and the surrounding reference antennas gave ~10 mm too low heights for the SWEPOS antennas. This error was derived from a comparisonwith conventional terrestrial surveys. The result varied significantly between days, and alsobetween different processing strategies. PCO/PCV errors derived from GNSS phase differencesshowed clear elevation-angle signatures that may cause systematic differences in the estimatedheight component and atmospheric delay, respectively. Electromagnetic coupling between theantenna and a metal plate below the antennas is probably contributing to the systematicPCO/PCV errors found.Starting already in 2008 and continued in this project we have developed methods andcarried out in-situ station calibration of the core permanent reference stations in SWEPOS. The station calibration intends to determine the electrical center of the GNSSantenna, as well as the PCV (phase center variations) when the antenna is installed at aSWEPOS station. The purpose of the calibration has been to examine the site-dependenteffects on the height determination as well as to establish site-dependent PCVs as acomplement to absolute calibrations of the antenna-radome pair.Our results have implications on a number of practical applications. To be mentioned isdetermination of the “local tie” between the GNSS reference point and the one from otherinstrumentation at fundamental geodetic stations. Usually, the L1 observable are used whileobserving the local GNSS networks in order to get as precise results as possible. But when usedin the IGS, the L3 (ionosphere-free) observable is used and also solving for troposphere delays.Thus, an error at the 1 cm level is easily introduced due to PCO/PCV errors.Since there are also other concepts emerging for precise real-time positioning, besides the so farused VRS-concept, the potential of these new concepts (MAC and PPP) are investigated inwork package three. Basically, the requirements from the infrastructure are invariant of thechosen concept if we aim for a certain level of performance. There is e.g. an ongoingdevelopment of real time methods for Precise Point Positioning (PPP) based on local or regionalaugmentation systems often referred to as PPP-RTK. The present development also includednew satellite signals and systems, thus, make available a three-frequency technique. The reportalso provides a schematic plan how such a service, based on PPP-RTK or rather Network-RTK,could be provided in the region of the Baltic Sea.Finally, the design of a high precision positioning service for the Baltic Sea are investigated.Motivation is that international vessel-traffic could be further optimized if the uncertainty ofvertical component in the navigation could be improved. The performance in the “Baltic Seanavigation service” would benefit from installation of some few off-shore GNSS referencestations that would be possible to locate to relatively shallow waters!
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| 9. |
- Karp, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Det stora lyftet uteblev
- 2012
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Ingår i: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - : Centrum för Idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; 21:1, s. 42-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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