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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Thomas, HS, et al.
(författare)
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- 2019
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 7. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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A measurement of the branching fractions of the b-quark into charged and neutral b-hadrons
- 2003
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 576:1-2, s. 29-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production fractions of charged and neutral b-hadrons in b-quark events from Z(0) decays have been measured with the DELPHI detector at LEP. An algorithm has been developed, based on a neural network, to estimate the charge of the weakly-decaying b-hadron by distinguishing its decay products from particles produced at the primary vertex. From the data taken in the years 1994 and 1995, the fraction of (b) over bar -quarks fragmenting into positively charged weakly-decaying b-hadrons has been measured to be: f(+) = (42.09+/-0.82(stat)+/-0.89(syst))%. Subtracting the rates for charged Xi(b)(+) and Omega(b)(+) baryons gives the production fraction of B+ mesons: f(Bu) = (40.99+/-0.82(stat)+/-1.11 (syst)) %.
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| 8. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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A study of the energy evolution of event shape distributions and their means with the DELPHI detector at LEP
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044. ; 29:3, s. 285-312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infrared and collinear safe event shape distributions and their mean values are determined in e(+)e(-) collisions at centre-of-mass energies between 45 and 202GeV. A phenomenological analysis based on power correction models including hadron mass effects for both differential distributions and mean values is presented. Using power corrections, alpha(s) is extracted from the mean values and shapes. In an alternative approach, renormalisation group invariance (RGI) is used as an explicit constraint, leading to a consistent description of mean values without the need for sizeable power corrections. The QCD beta-function is precisely measured using this approach. From the DELPHI data on Thrust, including data from low energy experiments, one finds beta(0) = 7.86 +/- 0.32 for the one loop coefficient of the beta-function or, assuming QCD, n(f) = 4.75 +/- 0.44 for the number of active flavours. These values agree well with the QCD expectation of beta(0) = 7.67 and n(f) 5. A direct measurement of the full logarithmic energy slope excludes light gluinos with a mass below 5GeV.
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| 9. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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Charged particle multiplicity in three-jet events and two-gluon systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; C:44, s. 311-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The charged particle multiplicity in hadronic three-jet events from Z decays is investigated. The topology dependence of the event multiplicity is found to be well described by a modified leading logarithmic prediction. A parameter fit of the prediction to the data yields a measurement of the colour factor ratio C-A/C-F with the result C-A/C-F = 2.261 +/- 0.014(stat). +/- 0.036(exp). +/- 0-066(theo). in agreement with the SU(3) expectation of QCD. The quark-related contribution to the event multiplicity is subtracted from the three-jet event multiplicity resulting in a measurement of the multiplicity of two-gluon colour-singlet states over a wide energy range. The ratios r = N-gg(s)/Ng (g) over bar (s) of the gluon and quark multiplicities and r((1)) = N'(gg)(s)/N'g (g) over bar (s) of their derivatives are compared with perturbative calculations. While a good agreement between calculations and data is observed for r((1)), larger deviations are found for r indicating that non-perturbative effects are more important for r than for r((1)).
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| 10. |
- Abdallah, J, et al.
(författare)
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Coherent soft particle production in Z decays into three jets
- 2005
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 605:1-2, s. 37-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low-energy particle production perpendicular to the event plane in three-jet events produced in Z decays in e(+)e(-) annihilation is measured and compared to that perpendicular to the event axis in two-jet events. The topology dependence of the hadron production ratio is found to agree with a leading-order QCD prediction. This agreement and especially the need for the presence of a destructive interference term gives evidence for the coherent nature of gluon radiation. Hadron production in three-jet events is found to be directly proportional to a single topological scale function of the inter-jet angles. The slope of the dependence of the multiplicity with respect to the topological scale was measured to be 2.211 +/- 0.014(stat.) +/- 0.053(syst.) in good agreement with the expectation given by the colour-factor ratio C-A/C-F = 9/4. This result strongly supports the assumption of local parton-hadron duality, LPHD, at low hadron momentum.
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