| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
A method for human health impact assessment in social LCA: lessons from three case studies
- 2018
-
In: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:3, s. 690-699
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose Improving human health is a long-lasting endeavour of mankind. In the field of social life cycle assessment (SLCA), the importance of human health is often highlighted, and further development of impact assessment methods has been recommended. The purpose of this article is to present a method for assessing human health impacts within SLCA. Methods By using a systematic combining approach, knowledge and experience about assessing human health impacts were obtained from three previously conducted case studies. The first case study was about an airbag system, the second about a catalytic converter and the third about gold jewellery. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) indicator was used for impact assessment in all three case studies. Results and discussion Both positive and negative human health impacts associated with the products were identified and assessed in the three case studies. For the airbag system, avoided health impacts in the use phase outweighed health impacts during production. For the catalytic converter, whether health impacts avoided exceeded health impacts caused or not depended on which time perspective regarding impacts was employed. Gold jewellery does not help avoiding any health impacts but caused considerable health impacts when produced at a certain location. Based on experience from these case studies, a generic human health impact assessment method was developed, and a life cycle human health typology for products was developed based on the method. The method provides a basis for analysis and interpretation of health impacts along product life cycles, and it is therefore important to report both positive and negative health impacts separately for different actors. Conclusions The developed human health impact assessment method involves the assessment and comparison of both positive and negative human health impacts along product life cycles. In addition to the products assessed in the three case studies, we suggest additional products that could be particularly interesting to assess with the developed method, including medicines, seat belts, other conflict minerals, alcoholic beverages and products with a high chemical impact.
|
|
| 2. |
- Eklund, Veronica, et al.
(author)
-
Fiskenäringen : Uppdatering av bränsleförbrukning samt emissionsfaktorer
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fiskeflottans bränsleförbrukning undersöks endast intermittent av Energimyndigheten och senast för 2017. För åren mellan undersökningarna har Energimyndigheten använt antal arbetade timmar i fiskesektorn (inklusive arbetade timmar i land) för att skriva fram bränsleförbrukningen, medan SMED har använt fiskeflottans installerade effekt som framskrivningsmetod för att beräkna utsläpp från fiskeflottan till inventeringen. Dessa två metoder, som ger olika resultat, har i denna studie jämförts med varandra samt andra alternativ till att skriva fram bränsleförbrukningen. Branschorganisationen Swedish Pelagic Federation (SPF) anser att antal dagar till sjöss troligen är den mest pålitliga framskrivningsmetoden och den korrelerar även väl med SMED:s framskrivningsmetod.Under projektets gång framkom det att HaV årligen samlar in uppgifter om fiskeflottans bränsleförbrukning. Det bästa skulle vara om SMED kunde använda dessa data direkt och på så sätt undvika framskrivning helt. Dessa data anses dock inte vara av användbar kvalitet i dagsläget, men förhoppningsvis kommer detta vara fallet till submission 2023. SMED och Naturvårdsverket bör istället komma överens om vilken framskrivning som bör användas i årets submission.Vid projektets början antogs att det huvudsakliga bränslet för fiskeflottan var en skattebefriad MK1-diesel. Under samtal med leverantörer av bränslen till fiskeflottan framkom att fiskefartyg framförallt använder Eldningsolja 1 (EO1), som även benämns gasolja eller Marine Gas Oil (MGO). Detta är samma bränsle som används för uppvärmning av villor, men när det används för framdrivning av fartyg kallas det för diesel och när det används för uppvärmning av villor kallas det för E10/E32. I samtalen med bränsleleverantörerna kom det även fram att bränslet som levereras till fiskefartyg aldrig innehåller en inblandning av biobränsle. SMED rekommenderar därför att fiskets bränsle ändras från diesel till EO1 i inventeringen och att man inte tar med en inblandning av biobränsle för fiskesektorn.Inom ramen för detta projekt har även emissionsfaktorerna för NOX, CO2 och SO2 uppdaterats, vilka var de enda som var möjliga att uppdatera med det dataunderlag som fanns tillgängligt. I framtiden bör man samköra uppdatering av de emissionsfaktorer som används av SMED inom mobila sektorn när samma bränslen används och motivera varför de skiljer sig åt i de fall där så är fallet. När man uppdaterar emissionsfaktorer för EO1/MGO bör SO2, CO2 och metaller för bränsle inom fiskeflottan och sjöfarten (inrikes EO1/MGO) uppdateras samtidigt, eftersom dessa sektorer använder samma typ av bränsle. För metaller har ett arbete påbörjats med att identifiera brister i de emissionsfaktorer som används idag.
|
|
| 3. |
- Flodén, Jonas, 1974, et al.
(author)
-
Shipping in the EU emissions trading system: implications for mitigation, costs and modal split
- 2024
-
In: Climate Policy. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 1752-7457 .- 1469-3062. ; In Press
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- EU recently decided to include shipping, meaning all intra-European shipping and 50% of extra-European voyages, in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) beginning in 2024. This article provides an early assessment of the impacts of the EU ETS on the shipping sector’s potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for different types of ships. It further examines selected mitigation measures and the impact on modals split and costs. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative estimates (based on data from the EU monitoring, reporting and verification system) with qualitative data and information from interviews with key actors and from previous literature. This approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the EU ETS. The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is expected to introduce significant incentives to reduce emissions. We estimate that switching to bio-methanol at an emissions allowance price of €90–100/tCO2 will be cost-effective for a minor share of shipping segments (representing about 0.5-5% of all ships), whereas at a price above €150/tCO2 it could be cost-effective for a considerable share (potentially 75%) of ships. In the short term, the costs incurred by the EU ETS will be passed on to transport customers as a surcharge. The increased cost may, unless properly addressed, drive carbon leakage. Meanwhile, a modal shift away from shipping may occur in the roll-on, roll-off (RoRo) and roll-on passenger (RoPax) segments due to direct competition with road and rail transport and the relative ease of shifting to other modes of transport.
|
|
| 4. |
- Fridell, Erik, et al.
(author)
-
Studie på sjöfartsområdet : Styrmedel och scenarier för sjöfartens omställning
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sjöfarten står inför en stor omställning mot fossilfri drift av fartygen. Denna rapport beskriver styrmedel, tekniska frågor, hinder och scenarier för framtiden relaterat till denna utveckling. Inom IMO (International Maritime Organization) finns mål uppsatta för en minskning av utsläppen av växthusgaser från sjöfarten, styrmedel för kortsiktiga åtgärder finns på plats, främst avseende energieffektivisering, och mer långsiktiga ”market based measures” diskuteras. Inom EU finns ett antal förslag som när de implementeras kommer att få stor inverkan på sjöfarten och dess utsläpp av växthusgaser. I Sverige finns bland annat miljödifferentierade farledsavgifter och ecobonus, men ytterligare kraftfulla styrmedel krävs för att nå de mål om minskning av växthusgasutsläpp som satts upp.Det finns ett stort antal möjliga framtida hållbara marina bränslen som diskuteras t.ex. ammoniak, metan, metanol, vätgas och syntetisk diesel. I tillägg fortgår utvecklingen med ökad användning av eldrift.Ett antal scenarier presenteras i rapporten för utvecklingen av bränslemix och utsläpp av växthusgaser för svensk sjöfart, med syftet att analysera olika tänkbara styrmedel. Resultaten visar att el- och gasdrift kan bidra till att minska ökningen av emissioner av växthusgaser, men att ytterligare åtgärder behövs för att åstadkomma en sänkning av emissionerna. I ett scenario analyseras effekterna av de styrmedel som föreslås inom EU:s ”Fit for 55”.Det finns ett antal hinder som kan försena en utveckling mot ökad hållbarhet inom svensk sjöfart, både för eldrift och förnybara bränslen. Vidare diskuteras styrmedel som kan införas på nationell nivå. Här analyseras styrmedel för ökad användning av el, om en reduktionsplikt kan införas även för marina bränslen, en potentiell CO2-fond, investeringsstöd till ny teknik och bränsleinfrastruktur, klimatkrav på statens flotta, breddad ekobonus samt en vidareutveckling av miljödifferentierade farledsavgifter.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(author)
-
HOPE - Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in Nordic shipping. Project summary : A Nordic Maritime Transport and Energy Research Programme Project
- 2023
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Nordic countries aim for a carbon-neutral Nordic region. Maritime transport is one of the key remaining sectors to decarbonize and is important from a Nordic perspective due to the relatively large Nordic involvement in this industry. The HOPE project addresses how regional shipping in the Nordic region can do the transition to become fossil-free. The project aims at clarifying the potential role of hydrogen based marine solutions in reducing the Nordic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the centre of the project is a ship concept where a typical RoPax-vessel with operating distances of around 100 nautical miles is designed for including operation with hydrogen as fuel and fuel cells for energy conversion. The overall design of the concept ship is compared with selected other fuel alternatives from a cost perspective. Further, both the conditions for designing such a ship and the consequences are studied. The conditions include technical design and costs of fuel systems and handling, powertrains etc. but also an analysis of barriers and drivers for the realisation of hydrogen solutions for shipping, such as economic, legal, and policy issues. For example, in terms of drivers, policy options needed to accelerate the uptake of hydrogen based marine solutions are assessed. Strategies and the potential of producing these fuels in the Nordic region are also reviewed from a shipping perspective. A realistic potential for uptake of these technologies/fuels by Nordic shipping are assessed and the benefits regarding lower emissions of GHGs and air pollutants are estimated. This report summarizes the assessments made in the HOPE project including main findings.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(author)
-
Impact of including maritime transport in the EU ETS
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The European Green Deal from the European Commission in 2019 set a high aim: that EU will become climate neutral by 2050. As a part of this, the European Commission proposed that the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), is extended to include the maritime sector. This report assesses different design features of shipping in ETS, analyse the impact on the shipping industry and the environment. The report investigates what impacts the inclusion of shipping may have on incentives for abatement, what types of emission reductions may follow, if the policy will lead to modal shifts or carbon leakage (meaning that vessels avoid EU ports in order to evade the policy) and what attitudes and expectations can be found among Swedish shipping lines and transport customers.
|
|
| 7. |
- Jivén, Karl, et al.
(author)
-
Concept design and environmental analysis of a fuel cell RoPax vessel - Report in the HOPE (Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in shipping in relation to other low carbon options) project
- 2023
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report includes a ship concept design developed for a RoPax ship (a ferry transporting passengers and goods) with hydrogen fuel cell propulsion for intended operations on the route Frederikshavn (Denmark) to Gothenburg (Sweden). The assessments, performed within the HOPE (Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in shipping in relation to other low carbon options – a Nordic perspective) project, shows that it is technically feasible to build and operate such a ship with existing technology for the studied route between these two Nordic countries. Also, the costs of such a concept are assessed and compared to other fuel options including: battery-electric propulsion, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, biomass-based methane, or fossil liquefied natural gas (LNG), as well as conventional fossil marine gas oil (MGO).The overall result from the comparative analysis of the estimated costs is that the hydrogen fuel cell ship, when assuming current or near future costs for the technology and the hydrogen, is estimated to be some 25 percent more expensive than a conventional fossil fuelled (MGO) RoPax ship (when including costs for emissions in the EU emission trading scheme). However, the cost developments are uncertain. In the case that fuel cell prices, and hydrogen prices, are decreasing, and todays cost levels of emission allowances in the EU emission trading scheme (ETS) increase, the hydrogen fuel cell ship could possibly be operated at lower total costs compared to the MGO fuelled ship.A cost benefit analysis was also performed, comparing costs linked to the technical implementation of hydrogen fuel cell solutions in shipping (with a private and social perspective) to benefits in terms of reduced external costs linked to lower emissions and potential subsides. The cost benefit assessment also confirms that the investment from a private perspective is not cost effective and that additional subsidies may be needed for investments in fuel cell hydrogen technology to take place. The cost effectiveness from a social perspective is strongly dependent on values of highly uncertain parameters.The impacts of emissions of hydrogen as fuel in a Nordic context were assessed for deployment scenarios for hydrogen and fuel cell solutions in Nordic shipping. There is a considerable potential for emission reductions both in terms of CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) linked to the implementation of hydrogen and fuel cells in Nordic shipping, particularly in the RoPax segment, representing 30% of total CO2 emissions in 2018. Considering the relatively long lifetime of vessels, investments must be made soon to enable a hydrogen powered shipping fleet in the near future. Since it is currently not economically viable with hydrogen and fuel cells vessels there is need for subsidies and investments in pilots to develop solutions and speed up the process.
|
|
| 8. |
- Lunde Hermansson, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution
- 2024
-
In: Nature Sustainability. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2398-9629.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage.
|
|
| 9. |
- Moldanova, Jana, et al.
(author)
-
Improving cabin air quality in road vehicles - Vägar till förbättrad luftkvalitet i fordon
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The most important parameters that influence the air quality in vehicles are the choice of cabin air filter and the air quality outside the vehicle. Real-life driving test methods for measurement in traffic environments developed in AQIFOR project showed repeatable differences between the reduction efficiency of the various cabin air filters in the car ventilation systems. Additional parameters that affected the reduction efficiency for air pollutants in the vehicle were ventilation speed and degree of air recirculation in the ventilation. Different air pollutants are affected differently. All filters tested purified air from particles; the reduction efficiency for PM2.5 was from 40% to over 80% for different filters, particles in the size range 10 - 600 nm were more difficult to clean than larger particles. Filters containing active carbon also purified the air from NO2; reduction efficiency showed similar pattern to reduction efficiency for particles. Sampling for VOC and PAH showed that volatiles are not purified by filters, but the less volatile species are effectively reduced. The project also investigated occupational exposure of professional drivers to air pollution in both passenger cars and trucks. The results showed that the drivers' exposure to benzo (a) pyrene, 1,3-butadiene and benzene was low, well below the working environment limit values.
|
|
| 10. |
- Munthe, John, et al.
(author)
-
Technical Background Report to the Global Mercury Assessment 2018
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A joint UN Environment and AMAP report that presents the latest and comprehensive information of global mercury emissions and releases to the environment, information on atmospheric and aquatic chemistry and fate and transport of mercury. The report is a fully referenced scientific background report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2018.
|
|
