| 1. |
- Barregård, L, et al.
(författare)
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Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population: a study of biopsies from living kidney donors.
- 1999
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Ingår i: Environmental health perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 107:11, s. 867-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were determined in deep-frozen kidney cortex biopsies taken from 36 living, healthy Swedish kidney donors (18 males and 18 females), who were 30-71 (mean 53) years of age. Information about occupation, smoking, the presence of dental amalgam, and fish consumption could be obtained for 27 of the donors. The samples (median dry weight 0.74 mg) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the results were transformed to wet-weight concentrations. The median kidney Cd was 17 micrograms/g (95% confidence interval, 14-23 micrograms/g), which was similar in males and females. In 10 active smokers, the median kidney Cd was 24 micrograms/g, and in 12 who never smoked, it was 17 micrograms/g. The median kidney Hg was 0.29 micrograms/g, with higher levels in females (median 0.54 micrograms/g) than in males (median 0.16 micrograms/g). Subjects with amalgam fillings had higher kidney Hg (median 0.47 micrograms/g, n = 20) than those without dental amalgam (median 0.15 micrograms;g/g, n = 6), but kidney Hg was below the detection limit in some samples. Nearly half of the samples had kidney Pb below the detection limit. The median kidney Pb was estimated as 0. 14 micrograms/g. This is the first study of heavy metals in kidney cortex of living, healthy subjects, and the results are relatively similar to those of a few previous autopsy studies, indicating that results from autopsy cases are not seriously biased in relation to kidney metal concentrations in the general population. Cd concentrations in those who never smoked were relatively high, indicating considerable Cd intake from the diet in Sweden. The effect of dental amalgam on kidney Hg was as expected, although the reason for the difference in Hg levels between males and females is unclear.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Moberg, L., et al.
(författare)
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Increased blood cadmium levels were not associated with increased fracture risk but with increased total mortality in women: the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 28:8, s. 2401-2408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate if high levels of blood cadmium at baseline were associated with increased fracture risk during follow-up in middle-aged women. No increased fracture risk was observed during follow-up, but women with higher levels of cadmium had an increased overall mortality. Introduction Exposure to high levels of cadmium has been associated with an increased fracture risk. The aim was to investigate a perceived association between low levels of blood cadmium (B-Cd) at baseline and risk of first incident fracture. Methods From the population-based Malm Diet and Cancer Study Cardiovascular cohort, 2920 middle-aged women with available background questionnaire and B-Cd measurements were included. Women were divided into quartiles (Q) according to their cadmium levels (Cd-Q1 < 0.18 mu g/L, Cd-Q2 0.180.28 mu g/L, Cd-Q3 0.28-0.51 ae g/ L, and Cd-Q4 > 0.51 mu g/L). National registries were analysed for prospective risk of fractures or death. Associations between B-Cd and fracture risk were assessed by survival analysis (Cox regression analysis). Results In total, 998 first incident fractures occurred in women during a follow-up lasting 20.2 years (median) (12.5-21.2 years) (25th-75th percentile). Women in Cd-Q4 were more often current smokers than in Cd-Q1 78.4 vs. 3.3% (p < 0.001) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day correlated with B-Cd (r = 0.49; p < 0.001). The risk of fracture was not associated with baseline B-Cd in adjusted models. The hazard ratio (HR) Cd-Q4 vs. Cd-Q1 was 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.27). In the multivariate Cox regression, independent variables for increased fracture risk were history of gastric ulcer and increasing age, whereas increasing body mass index (BMI) lowered fracture risk. Overall mortality was significantly higher for women with high B-Cd, HR 2.06 (95% CI 1.57-2.69). Conclusions Higher blood levels of cadmium did not increase fracture risk in middle-aged women but reduced overall survival.
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| 4. |
- Thacher, Jesse D., et al.
(författare)
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Occupational noise exposure and risk of incident stroke: a pooled study of five Scandinavian cohorts
- 2022
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Ingår i: OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 79:9, s. 594-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To investigate the association between occupational noise exposure and stroke incidence in a pooled study of five Scandinavian cohorts (NordSOUND). Methods We pooled and harmonised data from five Scandinavian cohorts resulting in 78 389 participants. We obtained job data from national registries or questionnaires and recoded these to match a job-exposure matrix developed in Sweden, which specified the annual average daily noise exposure in five exposure classes (L-Aeq8h): <70, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84, >= 85 dB(A). We identified residential address history and estimated 1-year average road traffic noise at baseline. Using national patient and mortality registers, we identified 7777 stroke cases with a median follow-up of 20.2 years. Analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for individual and area-level potential confounders. Results Exposure to occupational noise at baseline was not associated with overall stroke in the fully adjusted models. For ischaemic stroke, occupational noise was associated with HRs (95% CI) of 1.08 (0.98 to 1.20), 1.09 (0.97 to 1.24) and 1.06 (0.92 to 1.21) in the 75-79, 80-84 and >= 85 dB(A) exposure groups, compared with <70 dB(A), respectively. In subanalyses using time-varying occupational noise exposure, we observed an indication of higher stroke risk among the most exposed (>= 85 dB(A)), particularly when restricting analyses to people exposed to occupational noise within the last year (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.63). Conclusions We found no association between occupational noise and risk of overall stroke after adjustment for confounders. However, the non-significantly increased risk of ischaemic stroke warrants further investigation.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Eva M., 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Is Cadmium a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer - Results from a Nested Case-Control Study Using Data from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1055-9965. ; 30:9, s. 1744-1752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Some studies have shown that cadmium (Cd) is associated with breast cancer risk. One hypothesis is that Cd has estrogen-like properties. This case-control study investigated the association between breast cancer risk and blood Cd (BCd) levels. Methods: All breast cancers in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort were identified through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Registry, baseline (1991-1996) through 2014. Two controls per case were selected from the same cohort. BCd was analyzed at baseline. Associations were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Mean BCd was 0.51 mg/L among 1,274 cases and 0.46 among 2,572 controls. There was an overall increased risk of breast cancer [OR, 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.36] per mg/L of BCd. An increased risk was, however, only found at high BCd [OR, 1.34 (95% CI, 1.05-1.73)] for BCd more than 1.20 mg/L. The group with the highest BCd was mainly smokers. A spline indicated that at BCd less than 1.0 mg/L, the OR was not increased. The association with BCd was stronger in current smokers and at body mass index (BMI) above 25, while no modification due to receptor status was found. Conclusions: The results indicated increased risk of breast cancer only for high Cd exposure, which occurred mainly among smokers. This made it difficult to disentangle the effects of smoking and Cd, despite inclusion of smoking habits in the models. Impact: This study provides support for reducing Cd exposure through smoking cessation and dietary choice. On the population level, preventive measures against Cd pollution are warranted.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Barregård, Lars, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Normal variability of 22 elements in 24-hour urine samples - Results from a biobank from healthy non-smoking adults.
- 2021
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Ingår i: International journal of hygiene and environmental health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-131X .- 1438-4639. ; 233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urine is often used for biomonitoring the exposure to elements. However, most studies report concentrations in spot urine samples, which may not accurately mirror the "gold standard" of complete 24-h (24h) urine samples. There are relatively few data published for 24h samples, and little information on the within- and between person variability.The present study aimed at assessing variability within and between individuals in 24h excretion for a number of elements in adults from the general population and the typical 24h excretion of these elements. In addition, we assessed concentrations adjusted for creatinine and specific gravity (SG), and associations between elements.60 healthy non-smokers (31 women and 29 men) from Sweden, aged 21-64 years, collected all urine during 24h (split into six separate samples) on two occasions, about one week apart. Concentrations of As, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, U, V, W, and Zn in urine were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS) and 24h excretion rates were calculated for each day. The ratio of between-individual variance and the total variance, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated based on natural log-transformed 24h excretion. Correlation coefficients were calculated between excretion rates (mass/24h), and concentrations adjusted for creatinine and SG.Geometric means (GM), and 90-percentiles are presented for each element. The 24h excretion was higher in men than in women for most elements, and the difference was statistically significant for Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, P, Pb, S, Se, U, V, and Zn. However, for Cd and Co, the excretion was higher in women. Variability between days was low for Cd, Co, Hg, Pb, Sn, Se, V, and Zn (ICC 0.75-0.90), highest for Cr (ICC=0.3) and Sb (ICC=0.18), and moderate for the other elements. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were about 0.8-0.9 for 17 elements, and 0.3-0.7 for Br, Cu, P, S, Se. Excretion of P and S were highly correlated, and also associated with excretion of most of the other elements, especially Cu, Se, V, and Zn. A high correlation was also found between As and Hg, between Mo and W, as well as between Cr, Fe and Mn.These data present normal variability of 24h excretion of a number of elements, and can also be used as updated reference levels for elements with no or limited previous literature available. Information on variability within- and between individuals is important to know when designing studies with urine levels of elements used as exposure biomarker in studies of associations with health outcomes.
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
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In vivo XRF analysis of mercury: the relation between concentrations in the kidney and the urine
- 1995
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Ingår i: Physics in Medicine and Biology. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6560 .- 0031-9155. ; 40:3, s. 413-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of mercury in organs of occupationally exposed workers using in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis. Twenty mercury exposed workers and twelve occupationally unexposed referents participated in the study. Their mercury levels in kidney, liver and thyroid were measured using a technique based on excitation with partly plane polarized photons. The mercury levels in blood and urine were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The detection limit for mercury in the kidney was exceeded in nine of the exposed workers, but in none of the referents. The mean kidney mercury concentration (including estimates below the detection limits) was 24 mu g g(-1) in the exposed workers, and 1 mu g g(-1) in the referents. The association between mercury in the kidney and in urine was statistically significant, but it was unclear whether the relation was linear. The measurements on liver (n = 10) and thyroid (n = 8) in the exposed workers showed mercury levels below the detection limit. The study shows that it is now possible to measure the mercury concentrations in kidneys of occupationally exposed persons, using in vivo x-ray fluorescence. The estimated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the limited human autopsy data, and the results of animal studies.
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| 9. |
- Ellingsen, D. G., et al.
(författare)
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The variability of arsenic in blood and urine of humans
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. - 0946-672X. ; 78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Humans are exposed to inorganic and organic arsenic. The total arsenic (As) concentration in urine is a commonly used biomarker of exposure. However, little is known about variability of As in biological fluids and the diurnal variation of As excretion.Objectives: Main objectives were to assess the variability of As in urine, plasma (P-As), whole blood (B-As), and the blood cell fraction (C-As), and to assess diurnal variation of As excretion. Methods: Six urine samples were collected at fixed times during 24 h on two different days around one week apart among 29 men and 31 women. Blood samples were collected when the morning urine samples were delivered. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated as the ratio of the between-individuals variance to the total observed variance.Results: Geometric mean (GM) 24 h urinary excretions of As (U-As24 h) were 41 and 39 mu g/24 h on the two days of sampling. Concentrations of B-As, P-As and C-As were highly correlated with U-As24 h and As in first void morning urine. No statistically significant differences were observed for the urinary As excretion rate between the different sampling times. A high ICC was observed for As in the cellular blood fraction (0.803), while ICC for first morning urine corrected for creatine was low (0.316).Conclusions: The study suggests that C-As is the most reliable biomarker for use in exposure assessment of individual exposure. Morning urine samples have low reliability for such use. No apparent diurnal variation was observed in the urinary As excretion rate.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Janna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Urinary iodine excretion and optimal time point for sampling when estimating 24-h urinary iodine
- 2023
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Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 130:8, s. 1289-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iodine deficiency may cause thyroid dysfunction. The iodine intake in a population is measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot samples or 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24UIE). 24UIE is considered the gold standard and may be estimated using an equation including UIC, urinary creatinine concentration, sex and age (e24UIE). The aims of this study were to evaluate the preferable timing of UIC when using this equation and assess the variability of UIE. Sixty healthy non-smoking women (n 31) and men (n 29) were included in Gothenburg, Sweden. Twelve urine samples were collected at six fixed times on two separate days. Variability was calculated for UIC, 24UIE, e24UIE, iodine excretion per hour (iHr) and UIC adjusted for creatinine and specific gravity. Median 24UIE was 156 mu g/24 h and the median UIC (all spot samples) was 104 mu g/l. UIC (P < 0 center dot 001), 24UIE (P = 0 center dot 001) and e24UIE (P < 0 center dot 001) were significantly higher in men. e24UIE was relatively similar to 24UIE. However, when e24UIE was calculated from UIC in the first void, it was about 15 % lower than 24UIE (P < 0 center dot 001). iHr was lowest in the morning and highest in the afternoon. Median iHr was higher in men (7 center dot 4 v. 5 center dot 3 mu g/h, P < 0 center dot 001). The variability of UIE was higher within individuals than between individuals. This study suggests that most time points for estimation of individual 24UIE are appropriate, but they should preferably not be collected in the first void.
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