| 1. |
- Larsson, Bo, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting Risk Lovers? Incentives for Voluntary Pension Savings with Heterogeneous Risk Preferences
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many countries need to stimulate voluntary pension-planning to meet the demands of an ageing population. Sweden has been a front-runner in introducing tax-deferred designated pension savings accounts along with self-directed individual public pension accounts. A particular feature is that savings are taxed by a presumptive return. In this paper, we show that with heterogeneous risk preferences, this tax-policy makes designated pensions unattractive for individuals with a high level of risk aversion. Using data on self-directed choices and designated pension-savings, we also empirically confirm our result. This paper sheds light on the importance of coherent policy-making in stimulating adequate pension planning and also on the negative consequences of a presumptive tax-design like e.g. the Dutch “Box-III” tax system.
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| 2. |
- Almenberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1474-7472 .- 1475-3022. ; 10:4, s. 585-598
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use data from the Swedish Financial Supervisory 2010 consumer survey to look at levels of financial literacy and retirement planning in the Swedish population. The results indicate that many adults have low financial literacy. In general, financial literacy levels are lower among the young, the old, women and those with low income or low educational attainment. People who report having tried to plan for retirement have higher levels of financial literacy. In particular, an understanding of risk diversification is strongly correlated with planning for retirement. We relate our findings to features of the Swedish pension system.
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| 3. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Why do women ask for less?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1034 .- 0927-5371. ; 78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Women are often less likely to negotiate or ask for less when they do negotiate compared to men. In this study, we send out a survey to a large sample of recent college graduates in Sweden. We ask respondents whether they made an explicit salary request and what the outcome was. We include several questions on beliefs and attitudes towards negotiations. While women are more likely to state a salary request, we find that they on average ask for less than men. This gender gap is reduced when we control for beliefs and attitudes. However, neither perceived social costs nor confidence appear to matter for the gender gap. Instead, while men and women consider themselves relatively similar to an ideal candidate applying for the same job, they differ on average in their beliefs about what constitutes a reasonable request amount for the ideal candidate. This variable is the only statistically significant mediating variable of the gender gap in salary requests, and suggests that information interventions affecting beliefs could potentially reduce the gender gap in negotiations. As our results are correlational they should however be interpreted with caution. © 2022 The Authors
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| 4. |
- Elinder, Mikael, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Who Lacks Pension Knowledge, Why and Does it Matter? : Evidence From Swedish Retirement Savers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Public Finance Review. - : Sage Publications. - 1091-1421 .- 1552-7530. ; 50:4, s. 379-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent pension reforms have shifted a larger responsibility towards savers. Individuals therefore need better knowledge of the rules and incentives embedded in the pension system to adequately save and prepare for retirement. In this paper, we use a novel Swedish survey matched with high-quality administrative data to show that many lack, and feel that they lack, such pension-specific knowledge. We also show that the most economically vulnerable groups know the least. Linking pension knowledge to behavior, we find that knowing less is associated with lower preparedness for retirement, even after controlling for financial literacy and subjective knowledge. Moreover, a large majority state the complexity of the pension system, or that they have planned to learn more about pensions but that it just hasn't happened, as reasons for why they do not have sufficient knowledge.
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| 5. |
- Fröberg, Emelie, et al.
(författare)
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The promise (and peril) in approaching gender parity : Preregistered survey experiments addressing gender inequality in negotiations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite repeated calls to reduce gender inequalities arising in negotiations, few solutions have emerged that effectively address the fact that women often ask—and even intend to ask—for less than men in negotiations. In this paper, we focus on intentions prior to a negotiation. We explore how a simple reminder of women’s inferior position in salary negotiations—showing either a stable or closing gender gap in salary requests—can help combat gender inequality by tapping into psychological motivations inherent to status competition. In two preregistered survey experiments of business school students and gig workers (n=4337), we show that any reminder of the gender gap in requested salaries leads women to intend to request more compared to the control groups in both samples. Showing a stable gap without female progress caused men in a business school, but not gig workers, to request less than men in a control condition. Yet, men in the same context request relatively more when shown a closing gap compared to the stable gap condition. Our work thus points both to the promise of simple interventions designed to reduce gender gaps in intended salary requests, as well as the perils arising from competitive dynamics as women actually approach parity.
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| 6. |
- Sjögren Lindquist, Gabriella, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Girls will be Girls - Especially among Boys : Risk-taking in the "Daily Double" on Jeopardy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 112:2, s. 158-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploiting a natural experiment in Jeopardy we find that, despite no strategic gain, females switch to a more conservative wagering if playing against men only. Our findings complement experimental findings highlighting how gender differences in risk-taking can be socially driven.
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| 7. |
- Sjögren Lindquist, Gabriella, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Securing victory or not? Surrendering optimal play when facing simple calculations : a natural experiment from the Swedish and US Jeopardy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 44:6, s. 777-783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article empirically investigates the common assumption of economicagents' capabilities to process complex mathematical problems to findoptimal strategies applied in economic modelling. By exploiting a designdifference in the game show Jeopardy between the US and Sweden, weobtain a natural experiment of individuals facing an optimization decisioneither having explicit information or deriving it by noncomplex adding andsubtracting. Given the assumption that individuals compute optimally,there should be no difference in the strategies used. Yet, the results showthat even a small change in informational pre-conditions for obtaining anoptimal strategy strongly alters economic-decision making.
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| 8. |
- Sjögren Lindquist, Gabriella, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Testing the rationality assumption using a design difference in the TV Game-show Jeopardy
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract This paper empirically investigates the rationality assumption commonly applied in economic modeling by exploiting a design difference in the game-show Jeopardy between the US and Sweden. In particular we address the assumption of individuals’ capabilities to process complex mathematical problems to find optimal strategies. The vital difference is that US contestants are given explicit information before they act, while Swedish contestants individually need to calculate the same information. Given a rationality assumption of individuals computing optimally, there should be no difference in the strategies used. However, in contrast to the rational and focal bidding behaviors found in the US, the Swedish players display no optimal behavior. Hence, when facing too complex decisions, individuals abandon optimal strategies.
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| 9. |
- Säve-Söderbergh, Jenny, 1968-
(författare)
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Are Women Asking for Low Wages? Gender Differences in Wage Bargaining Strategies and Ensuing Bargaining Success
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Men and women’s labor market outcomes differ along pay, promotion and competitiveness. This paper contributes by uncovering results in a related unexplored field using unique data on individual wage bargaining. We find striking gender differences. Women, like men, also bargain, but they submit lower wage bids and are offered lower wages than men. The adjusted gender wage gap is lower with postedwage jobs than with individual bargaining, although less is ascribable to the term associated with discrimination. Both women and men use self-promoting, or competitive bargaining strategies, but women self-promote at lower levels. Employers reward self-promotion but the larger the self-promotion, the larger is the gender gap in bargaining success. Women therefore lack the incentives to self-promote, which helps to explain the gender disparities.
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| 10. |
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