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- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 2. |
- Rouis, Sana, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Facebook usage on students' academic achievement: Role of self-regulation and trust
- 2011
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Ingår i: Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology. - 1699-5880 .- 1696-2095. ; 9:3, s. 961-994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The paper provides a preliminary analysis of the effects of Facebook usage by undergraduate students at Luleå University of Technology in Sweden. The proposed research model tests the perceived effect of personality traits, self-regulation, and trust on students' achievements. Based on flow theory, the model suggests negative mediating effects of the use and cognitive absorption on Facebook, concluding that a decrease occurs in students' academic performance but a positive effect on satisfaction with life that would limit this undesirable effect.Method: Paper and pencil survey was run with undergraduate students from LuleåUniversity of Technology and data from 239 students was used to test the model. SmartPLS software was employed to test the proposed structural equation model.Results. Results indicated an extensive use of Facebook by students with extraverted personalities leading to poor academic performance. However, students who are more self-regulated more effectively control their presence on these platforms. Trust in people does not affect their presence and interaction on this platform. Yet students' cognitive absorption with Facebook is only regulated by their self-control and their personality traits, which determines how much time they spend on Facebook. Multitasking skills moderate the effect of cognitive absorption on academic achievement, but they do not impede the time spent, frequency, or nature of use or their effect on academic results. Although students' satisfaction with life significantly declined due to cognitive immersion into Facebook, it appeared not to play an effective role in the students' academic achievement. However, their performance goal orientation was shown to be a crucial determinant of their university accomplishments, which would limit the critical effect of their presence on the Facebook platform.Discussion and Conclusion: Results support in part earlier conclusions about personality traits that rule the presence on Facebook. Trust does not impede on Facebook usage as it determines surfers' use of Internet. Self-regulation and performance goal orientation characterized the students who are more in control of this social activity. In turn, this prohibits the apparent negative effect on their academic performance. Results help students to understand the preliminary consequences of their extensive usage of Facebook and to better manage their social activities on this platform.
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| 3. |
- Rouis, Sana, et al.
(författare)
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Social media and students’ achievement : the role of culture and personality
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Sustainable Global Marketplace. - Cham : Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology/Springer Verlag. - 9783319108728 - 9783319108735 - 0939783363 ; , s. 148-152, s. 148-152
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the impact of students’ immersion in social networking on their academic performance in Sweden and Tunisia. Results from a sample of 400 students indicate that extraverted and conscious students experience different effects. Exceedingly cognitively absorbed, extraverted Swedish and conscious Tunisian students tend to underperform on their studies.
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