| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Mzezewa, S, et al.
(författare)
-
HIV infection reduces skin graft survival in burn injuries: a prospective study
- 2003
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1465-3087 .- 0007-1226. ; 56:8, s. 740-745
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impaired survival of skin grafts has been noted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, but the reason is not known. Alterations in inflammatory response, which might be recorded as an imbalance in cytokine production, have been implicated. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of HIV infection in patients with burn injuries by comparison of split skin graft survival, T lymphocyte count and cytokine levels in HIV-infected and non HIV-infected patients in relation to healthy and HIV-infected nonburnt volunteers. Fifty-four patients with deep dermal burns were included. Fifteen patients' were HIV-infected. Thirteen healthy and 15 HIV-infected, volunteers were recruited as controls. The burnt surface area was traced on a transparent plastic sheet and converted to area. Graft survival on day of discharge/regraft for non HIV-infected patients was 69%, and in HIV-infected 22%, (p < 0.05). The median length of hospital stay for early excision among non HIV-infected patients was 21 (12-53) days and for HIV-infected, 41 days (p < 0.05). Serum protein levels in HIV-infected patients were elevated compared to non HIV-infected patients (p < 0.05). CD4+ Lymphocytes were depressed in HIV-infected volunteers and HIV-infected burn patients compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). CD8+ lymphocytes were elevated in HIV-infected volunteers compared to non HIV-infected burn patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interteukin-6 (IL-6), Interferon-gama (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were depressed in HIV-infected volunteers compared to healthy volunteers and non HIV-infected burn patients. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma did not increase after burn injury in HIV-infected burns patients as did IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05). Antiinflammatory cytokine levels of IL-4 were elevated in HIV-infected volunteers compared to healthy volunteers and burn patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Graft survival after split skin grafting of burn wounds in HIV-infected patients is impaired and hospital stay is prolonged. HIV infection. result in immune dysregulation, which might be related to impaired skin graft survival. (C) 2003 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ALL rights reserved.
|
|
| 4. |
- Spok, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Suggestions for the assessment of the allergenic potential of genetically modified organisms
- 2005
-
Ingår i: International archives of allergy and immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1018-2438 .- 1423-0097. ; 137:2, s. 167-180
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing continuously and, accordingly, there is a great desire to evaluate the allergenic potential of components in our daily environment (e.g., food). Although there is almost no scientific evidence that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) exhibit increased allergenicity compared with the corresponding wild type significant concerns have been raised regarding this matter. In principle, it is possible that the allergenic potential of GMOs may be increased due to the introduction of potential foreign allergens, to potentially upregulated expression of allergenic components caused by the modification of the wild type organism or to different means of exposure. According to the current practice, the proteins to be introduced into a GMO are evaluated for their physiochemical properties, sequence homology with known allergens and occasionally regarding their allergenic activity. We discuss why these current rules and procedures cannot predict or exclude the allergenicity of a given GMO with certainty. As an alternative we suggest to improve the current evaluation by an experimental comparison of the wild-type organism with the whole GMO regarding their potential to elicit reactions in allergic individuals and to induce de novo sensitizations. We also recommend that the suggested assessment procedures be equally applied to GMOs as well as to natural cultivars in order to establish effective measures for allergy prevention.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
