| 1. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons learned from setting up a demonstration site with autonomous shuttle operation – based on experience from three cities in Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interest in operating autonomous vehicles is growing and several demonstration sites using automated shuttles have been established all over the world. Major work is involved in setting up an automated shuttle operation that involves more than identifying the relevant site, including adhering to current regulations and obtaining approval, as well as a considerable amount of preparation and commissioning required at the site. The shuttle must pass relevant national vehicle regulations, and the operation site has to undergo a site assessment. This paper is based on lessons learned achieved from setting up automated shuttle operations in three different areas in Europe: Brussel (Belgium), Linköping (Sweden) and Turin (Italy). The focus is on the practical aspects of operation. Through the experience we have gained of setting up demonstration sites at three locations in Europe, we have identified the need to summarise the lessons learned from preparing AV shuttle operation sites in order to facilitate the implementation of other operation sites. Hence, this paper aims to consolidate lessons learned during preparation and implementation of automated shuttle operations in near urban environments and to identify the path toward future implementation The three sites operate different brands and number of shuttles, different types of infrastructure and varying local conditions. The focus here was on generic lessons learned and not to understand differences between brands and operators. It is clear that further development of the AV shuttles is vital to ensure that they operate smoothly in complex traffic situations considering lane and road width, shared spaces, snow, dust, rain, leaves, birds, etc. Adapting the road infrastructure to enable the shuttles to run in the autonomous mode should be avoided, instead the shuttle development should prioritise fitting into the existing traffic environment and eco system. Mitigation areas have been identified covering: road infrastructure, weather dependant operation, season dependent operation, improvement of localisation, digital infrastructure, design and working conditions, and citizens’ user experience.
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| 2. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Fatigue Research and enforcement
- 2023. - 1
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Ingår i: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter describes challenges faced in fatigue research and in fatigue evaluation for various purposes including crash statistics and enforcement and for selection of appropriate countermeasures. The challenges are related to both the causes and the consequences of fatigue. Differences between sleep-related and task-related fatigue are discussed in relation to countermeasures for fatigue. The chapter also describes how individual characteristics including age, chronotype, and personality influence the development of fatigue and add to the complexity of choosing appropriate fatigue countermeasures. Difficulties in measuring and providing proof that an individual is fatigued are discussed in relation to law enforcement.
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers’ perspectives
- 2022
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Ingår i: Road Safety on Five Continents – RS5C. Proceedings. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 94-95
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Travelling by bus is one of the safest modes of transport. However, crashes still happen and studies have found that the most severe crashes are related to rollovers, mainly on rural roads. The most severe injuries occur when unbuckled passengers are thrown out through the windows or get stuck under the bus. In Sweden the use of a seat belt and information about seat belt use when traveling by bus is regulated in Traffic Ordinance (1998: 1276) Chapter 4 §10a. In short, all bus passengers three years or older should be seated in a place with a seat belt, if there is such a place, and should use the belt. If there is no seat belt available, it is allowed to stand in the bus (if the bus is approved for standing places). The legal responsibility to inform and make sure passengers under 15 use the belt are on the bus driver. Despite existing regulations there is no clear view on the usage rate of seat belt in buses, or on the travellers’ view of their own usage and the reasons to not buckle up. This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers’ incentives of seatbelt usage.
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| 4. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Seat belt usage in buses : An observation study of usage and travellers' perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to evaluate seat belt usage in buses and to understand travellers' incentives of seat belt usage. Methods used are observational studies (10 cities, with 328 bus observations), focus group discussion (7 groups with a total of 32 participants) and a web survey (n = 1737 respondents). The results show that the seat belt use among bus passengers can be improved especially in regional and commercial bus traffic. It is more common to buckle up on long trips than on short trips. However, even though observations show high usage during long trips, travellers report that they remove the seat belt after a while if they want to sleep or for comfort reasons. For the bus drivers it is not possible to control passengers' usage. Dirty seat belts and technical malfunction might deter some passengers from using them and therefore systematic cleaning and control of seats and belts are recommended. On short trips one reason for not using the belt is related to worries about getting stuck and not being ready to get off in time. In general, it is most important to increase the usage on high-speed roads (>60 km/ h), in lower speed it might be more important to provide a seat for each passenger. Based on the results a list of recommendations is presented.
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| 5. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.1: Evaluation framework, plans and material. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). This version of the deliverable has its focus on setting the framework and the work process. An update of this deliverable will be done in M22 (D6.2: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update’). The key content of D6.1 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the process of developing the evaluation framework for the project and presents the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-18 then follow the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 describe the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-14 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, data collection, and data delivery. Chapters 15-18 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 19 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified and will be further refined in the update of the deliverable. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. The update of the deliverable, planned for M22, will include the detailed evaluation protocols, with ready-made templates for pilot sites, questionnaires to use, performance criteria, indicators, log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. In addition, the final pilot and experimental plans will be defined and described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity.
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| 6. |
- Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, et al.
(författare)
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D6.2: Evaluation framework, plans and material - an update. Deliverable of the Horizon-2020 PANACEA project, Grant Agreement No. 953426
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable presents the evaluation framework, plans and material for all data collections connected to work package 6 (WP6) of the PANACEA project. It describes the objectives of the studies and how they will be realised. The purpose of the PANACEA evaluation framework is to create a common framework to be used in all studies to make sure the data are collected in a way that makes it possible to consolidate the results at the end and to provide what is needed for impact analysis (WP7). The first version of the deliverable (D6.1: ‘Evaluation framework, plans and material´) had its focus on setting the framework and the work process. In this updated version, the focus is on the evaluation protocols for all studies, including templates for the pilot sites, questionnaires to use, key performance indicators (KPI), log files to use, crucial timelines, etc. The experimental plans are described per pilot site and type of evaluation activity. The key content of D6.2 is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction to the deliverable, specifying its purpose, the intended audience, and interrelations with other project activities. Chapter 2 introduces the project objectives related to the WP6 data collections. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of each Use Case and Chapter 4 presents the various studies within the project including descriptions of the main actors, environment, vehicles, PANACEA sensors/technologies, and countermeasures. Chapter 5 describes the PANACEA evaluation framework. Chapters 6-15 then describe the steps defined in the evaluation framework. Chapters 6-11 include the planning phase and present the Use Case Scenarios, Research Questions, Key Performance Indicators, study designs, data gathering tools, and data analysis plan. Chapters 12-13 describe the implementation phase, including pilot site preparations, and data collection. Chapters 13-15 describe the data analysis phase and includes chapters about data delivery, data analysis, results reporting, results consolidation, and impact assessment. Lastly, Chapter 16 provides the conclusions of the deliverable. The deliverable presents both a horizontal perspective of the pilot sites as well as more detailed descriptions of what will be included in the different studies. The main text of the deliverable provides an overview of all studies and evaluations within PANACEA. Research questions and KPIs are defined for each study (Appendix III). The general data gathering tools (objective and subjective) are identified. The questionnaires used for the evaluations are included in Appendix IV. A set of guidelines on practicalities and ethical aspects to take into consideration before and during data collection are presented. Experimental plans for all WP6 data collections are included as appendices to the deliverable (Appendix II).
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| 7. |
- Forsman, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Eye tracking during high speed naviation at sea : Field trial in search of navigational gaze behaviour
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Transportation Technologies. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2160-0473 .- 2160-0481. ; 2, s. 277-283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land.Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 experi- enced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea.Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the elec-tronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat.Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.
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| 8. |
- Grandsart, Delphine, et al.
(författare)
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Citizen and Stakeholder Engagement in the Development and Deployment of Automated Mobility Services : as Exemplified in the SHOW Project
- 2023
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Ingår i: Smart Energy for Smart Transport. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 468-481
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The H2020-funded SHOW project (SHared automation Operating models for Worldwide adoption) supports the deployment of connected, cooperative and automated mobility (CCAM) through real-life pilot demonstrations taking place in 20 cities across Europe. While CCAM has the potential to bring great benefits to citizens and society, user acceptance is a crucial challenge to address. In this paper, we explore the importance of citizen and stakeholder engagement in the development of new mobility services, and how such aspects have been integrated and applied in SHOW. User acceptance surveys are being conducted at different stages in the project. In addition, dedicated citizen and stakeholder engagement activities are organized, including Ideathons and Hackathons. By engaging both citizens as potential end-users and stakeholders in the development process, we aim to ensure that SHOW services meet their needs and requirements and to increase the positive impacts on society.
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| 9. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Bussförares arbetsmiljö under coronapandemin : fysiska och sociala barriärer
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 120-121
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kollektivtrafik är en central funktion i samhället och dess verksamhet behöver prioriteras även i kristider, som under Coronapandemin. Bussförare var tvungna att fortsätta arbeta trots risken att smittas på jobbet. Kollektivtrafiken fortsatte att vara i drift i Sverige under pandemin och olika smittskyddsåtgärder infördes som påverkade bussförarnas arbetsmiljö. Syftet med denna studie var att samla information från bussförare om deras arbetsmiljö och upplevelser under pandemin. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med webbenkäter och genom intervjuer med bussförare under våren 2021 samt en uppföljande enkätundersökning under hösten 2022. Fullständiga svar på enkäterna erhölls från 358 bussförare år 2021 och 669 förare år 2022. Femton förare som lämnat intresseanmälan via den första enkäten intervjuades via videosamtal.Bussförarna rapporterade att flera olika typer av smittskyddsåtgärder hade införts på deras arbetsplatser. Information till anställda om hur smittspridningen kunde minskas samt stängda framdörrar på bussarna var de två vanligaste åtgärderna. Dessa rapporterades av över 90% av bussförarna. Blockerade sittplatser på bussen och information till passagerarna var också vanligt förekommande, följt av personlig skyddsutrustning för bussförarna, plexiglas eller andra barriärer samt minskat antal passagerare. Stängda framdörrar ansågs bidra till en säkrare arbetsmiljö men ledde även till en förändrad yrkesroll med större fokus på att köra buss och mindre social interaktion. Positiva aspekter var mindre hot och stök, och det var lättare att köra enligt tidtabell när föraren inte behövde hantera biljettförsäljning, kontrollera biljetter eller svara på frågor. Negativa aspekter var förlorad kontakt med passagerarna och en känsla av maktlöshet när passagerare reste utan biljett. På många bussar fanns biljettautomater endast vid framdörren på bussen, vilket gjorde det omöjligt att validera biljetter när framdörren stängdes. Plexiglasbarriärer som sattes upp mellan föraren och passagerarna upplevdes av somliga som farliga på grund av risken för dålig sikt, medan andra önskade att de hade installerats mycket tidigare för att möjliggöra validering av biljetter. Smittskyddsåtgärderna upplevdes som mer effektiva för bussförarna än för passagerarna och en majoritet ansåg att smittskyddsåtgärderna infördes för sent. Resultaten från studien kan hjälpa oss att bli bättre förberedda för framtida kriser.
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| 10. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Coronapandemins konsekvenser för bussförare i lokal och regional kollektivtrafik : resultat under pågående pandemi
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kollektivtrafik är en central funktion i samhället med hög prioritet när det gäller att upprätthålla verksamhet i kristider. Alla aktörer i kollektivtrafiken har som mål att säkra kollektivtrafikens drift, men vad händer när en pandemi som covid-19 uppstår? I detta projekt kommer konsekvenserna för arbetslivet inom kollektivtrafiken att belysas ur flera perspektiv. Det handlar om att samla erfarenheter från förarnas arbetsmiljö och deras upplevelser i samband med pandemin, om att belysa andra aktörers perspektiv på hur förarnas arbetsmiljö har påverkats, vilka bedömningar och avvägningar man gjort för att minska risken att förare blir smittade, men även för att generellt minska smittspridningen bland passagerare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur arbetslivet, arbetsmiljön och hälsan hos bussförare har och kommer att påverkas av pandemin. Datainsamlingen genomförs i två omgångar där den första omgången skedde under hösten 2020 och våren 2021 och den andra omgången är tänkt att ske efter att pandemin är över. Denna rapport presenterar resultat från den första datainsamlingen och fokuserar således på att beskriva hur situationen såg ut under pågående pandemi. Datainsamlingen gjordes med webbenkäter och genom intervjuer med bussförare, trafikföretag och regionala kollektivtrafikmyndig[1]heter (RKM). Dessutom genomfördes blodprovstagning och antikroppstest för att avgöra om förare varit smittade av SARS-CoV-2 virus. Resultaten visade att en hög andel av bussförarna hade smittats av covid-19 (självrapporterat och undersökt med antikroppstest). En rad smittskyddsåtgärder hade införts i kollektivtrafiken och stängd framdörr på bussarna var den vanligaste åtgärden. Bussförarna upplevde både positiva och negativa förändringar av arbetsmiljön under pandemin. Stängda framdörrar bidrog till en tryggare miljö men medförde också en förändrad yrkesroll med större fokus på köruppgiften och mindre social interaktion. Smittskyddsåtgärderna upplevdes som mer effektiva för bussförarna än för resenärerna men bussförarna uppgav också att smittorisken inte främst fanns i bussen utan också på depåer och i rastlokaler. Förarna skattade sin hälsa och arbetsmiljö som relativt dålig men det går inte att avgöra om det var en konsekvens av pandemin. Bussförare, bussföretag och RKM lyfte alla fram att beredskap, samordning av åtgärder och kunskapsöverföring är något att tänka på inför framtiden. Både RKM och bussbolag uttryckte en oro för minskat kollektivt resande även efter pandemin. Ersättningsmodeller som bygger på resandevolymer visade sig vara problematiska i kristider när antalet resenärer snabbt minskade. Resultaten kommer att följas upp med en datainsamling under hösten 2022.
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