| 1. |
- Aliabadi, Danial Esmaeili, et al.
(författare)
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Abandoning the Residual Load Duration Curve and Overcoming the Computational Challenge
- 2022
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Ingår i: 1st International Workshop on Open Source Modelling and Simulation of Energy Systems, OSMSES 2022 - Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the importance of variable energy sources in-creased in the power sector, employing the Residual Load Duration Curve (RLDC) method became standard practice in many energy system models. RLDCs allow modelers to integrate temporally high-resolution data sets in the energy system while keeping the underlying model tractable. Although the RLDC approach can assist us in simplifying calculations, this comes at a cost: RLDCs disregard the inter-relations between time slices. In this manuscript, we elaborate on our strategy to overcome the computational burden caused by abandoning the RLDC method in the BioENergy OPTimization model (BENOPT). For that purpose, the available resources are utilized efficiently to reduce the run-time.
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| 2. |
- Chan, Katrina, et al.
(författare)
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How diet portfolio shifts combined with land-based climate change mitigation strategies could reduce climate burdens in Germany
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many studies have analysed the environmental impact of vegan, vegetarian, or reduced meat diets. To date, literature has not evaluated how diet shifts affect environmental impacts by utilising portfolios which reflect personal nutrition preferences. Further, changing diets could alter the available land for non-food uses. This paper defines novel diet portfolios to outline alternative diet transitions and choices within the population and finds their effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primary energy use, and land use in Germany. The aim of this study is to capture how these diet shifts affect land availability and increase the options for land-based climate change mitigation strategies. To do so, a contextualisation is made to compare the use of freed-up land for afforestation or biomethane production (with and without carbon capture and storage). The investigated diet portfolios lead to a reduction of the investigated impacts (GHG emissions: 7–67%; energy use: 5–46%; land use: 6–64%). Additionally, afforestation of freed-up land from each diet portfolio leads to further emission removals of 4–37%. In comparison, using the land to produce energy crops for biomethane production could lead to 2–23% further CO2-eq emission reductions when replacing fossil methane. If biomethane production is paired with carbon capture and storage, emission abatement is increased to 3–34%. This research indicates various short-term pathways to reduce GHG emissions with portfolio diet shifts. Utilising freed-up land for climate change mitigation strategies could prove essential to meet climate targets, but trade-offs with, e.g. biodiversity and ecosystem services exist and should be considered.
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| 3. |
- Millinger, Markus, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Electrofuels from excess renewable electricity: costs, emissions, carbon use
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM. - 2165-4077 .- 2165-4093. ; 2022-September
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large shares of variable renewable electricity (VRE) generation are pursued in order to achieve emissions targets in the energy sectors. This results in increased excess renewable electricity (ERE) at times when supply exceeds conventional inflexible electricity demand. ERE can be utilized as a low-emission energy source for sector coupling through e.g. hydrogen production via flexible electrolysis, Which can be used directly or combined With a carbon source to produce electrofuels. Such fuels are crucial for the transport sector, where renewable alternatives are scarce. However, while ERE increases With raising VRE shares, carbon emissions decrease and may become a limited resource with several usage options, including carbon storage (CCS). Here We perform a model based analysis for the German case until 2050, with a general analysis for regions with a high VRE reliance. The capital expenditure of electrolysers was found not to be crucial for the cost, despite low capacity factors due to variable ERE patterns. Carbon will likely become a limiting factor when aiming for stringent climate targets and renewable electricity-based hydrocarbon electrofuels replacing fossil fuels achieve up to 70% more greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement than CCS. Given (1) an unsaturated demand for renewable hydrocarbon fuels, (2) a saturated renewable hydrogen demand and (3) unused ERE capacities which would otherwise be curtailed, we find that carbon used for renewable fuel production abates more GHG than if the carbon would be stored. This effect may increase substantially if shale oil or gas is displaced.
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| 4. |
- Musonda, Frazer, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling assessment of resource competition for renewable basic chemicals and the effect of recycling
- 2024
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Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 16:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work assesses pathways towards a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions chemical industry sector in Germany until 2050, focusing on the ammonia, methanol, ethylene and adipic acid subsectors and the effect of the recycling of C embedded in chemical end products on the GHG abatement cost and primary resource demand. This was done using a bottom-up mathematical optimization model, including the energy sectors and the chemicals sector, with electricity and biobased options considered. Results show that net-zero GHG emissions for the considered chemicals in 2050 are attainable at a marginal cost of 640–900 €/tCO2-eq, even with 26%–36% of demand being satisfied by fossil production routes. This is possible because renewable organic chemicals can act as carbon sinks if, at their end of life, C is permanently stored via landfilling or passed on to the next value chain via recycling. Nonetheless, considering the cost implications, the practical deployment of renewable chemicals is a challenge. The considered renewable chemicals cost 1.3–8 times more than their fossil counterparts, resulting in a marginal CO2 price of 480 €/tCO2-eq when all primary resources (energy crops, forest residues and renewable electricity) are considered, or 810 €/tCO2-eq when the availability of arable land is restricted. In the transition to net-zero emissions for the chemicals under study, a circular economy is important not only for reducing demand for primary resources as is typically the case but also reduces GHG abatement costs by 13%–24% through carbon capture and utilization effects.
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| 5. |
- Pelkmans, Luc, et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustainability requirements in international bioenergy markets
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Bioenergy Trade. - : Springer. - 9789400769816 ; , s. 125-149
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the main driver for bioenergy is to enable society to transform to more sustainable fuel and energy production systems, it is important to safeguard that bioenergy deployment happens within certain sustainability constraints. There is currently a high number of initiatives, including binding regulations and several voluntary sustainability standards for biomass, bioenergy and/or biofuels. Within IEA Bioenergy studies were performed to monitor the actual implementation process of sustainability regulations and certification, evaluate how stakeholders are affected and envisage the anticipated impact on worldwide markets and trade. On the basis of these studies, recommendations were made on how sustainability requirements could actually support further bioenergy deployment. Markets would gain from more harmonization and cross-compliance. A common language is needed as ‘sustainability’ of biomass involves different policy arenas and legal settings. Policy pathways should be clear and predictable, and future revisions of sustainability requirements should be open and transparent. Sustainability assurance systems (both through binding regulations and voluntary certification) should take into account how markets work, in relation to different biomass applications (avoiding discrimination among end-uses and users). It should also take into account the way investment decisions are taken, administrative requirements for smallholders, and the position of developing countries.
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| 6. |
- Pelkmans, Luc, et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustainability requirements in international bioenergy markets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Energy. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 2195-1292 .- 2195-1284. ; 17:1, s. 125-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the main driver for bioenergy is to enable society to transform to more sustainable fuel and energy production systems, it is important to safeguard that bioenergy deployment happens within certain sustainability constraints. There is currently a high number of initiatives, including binding regulations and several voluntary sustainability standards for biomass, bioenergy and/or biofuels. Within IEA Bioenergy studies were performed to monitor the actual implementation process of sustainability regulations and certification, evaluate how stakeholders are affected and envisage the anticipated impact on worldwide markets and trade. On the basis of these studies, recommendations were made on how sustainability requirements could actually support further bioenergy deployment. Markets would gain from more harmonization and cross-compliance. A common language is needed as 'sustainability' of biomass involves different policy arenas and legal settings. Policy pathways should be clear and predictable, and future revisions of sustainability requirements should be open and transparent. Sustainability assurance systems (both through binding regulations and voluntary certification) should take into account how markets work, in relation to different biomass applications (avoiding discrimination among end-uses and users). It should also take into account the way investment decisions are taken, administrative requirements for smallholders, and the position of developing countries.
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