| 1. |
- Huang, Sunan, et al.
(author)
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An investigation on child occupant safety in passenger vehicles based on accident data from Changsha, China
- 2013
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In: Proceedings - 2013 5th Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, ICMTMA 2013. - 9780769549323 ; , s. 218-221
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study is to determine the traffic safety situation of child occupants in the urban areas of Changsha, China. For this purpose, accident data were collected from the local traffic police authority. The selected samples have been dated from January 1,2001 to December 31,2010, durich which 1, 629 traffic accidents involving children occurred in Changsha. A total of 331 child occupants up to 15 years of age were identified in these accidents. A statistical analysis was then conducted in terms of the accident type, accident scenario, child age, gender, injury region, and injury severity. The results indicate that the side impact is the most common accident scenario in the child occupant accidents, accounting for 45% of all the cases. The major type of the accidents is the double-vehicle crashes in which passenger vehicles account for 73.4%. No child restraint system (CRS) was identified in the selected accidents. The head and extremity injuries have a high frequency in the child injuries. With the implementation of safey regulations, common knowledge about the traffic safety for child occupants should be strengthen, and CRS will be required in cars to protect child occupants.
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| 2. |
- Liu, Xuejun, 1971, et al.
(author)
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A study of influence of vehicle speed and front structure on pedestrian impact responses using mathematical models
- 2002
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In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 3:1, s. 31-42
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A validated pedestrian multibody model was used to investigate the influences of impact speed andvehicle front structure on the pedestrian dynamic responses in vehicle collisions. To predict theinjury risks of pedestrians at different impact speeds, the injury-related parameters concerninghead, chest and lower extremity areas were calculated from mathematical simulations. Four vehicletypes including large and compact passenger cars, minivans and light trucks were simulatedaccording to their frequency of involvement in real world accidents. The influences of variousvehicle front shape and compliance parameters were analyzed.Based on the results from the parametric study, the possible benefits from speed control in urbanarea were assessed, and a feasible speed limit was proposed to reduce the risks of pedestrianinjuries. Moreover, the possible countermeasures on basis of vehicle front design to mitigate theinjury severity of the pedestrians were discussed.
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| 3. |
- Yang, H., et al.
(author)
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Optimization of anti-whiplash seat
- 2012
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In: 2012 3rd International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation, ICDMA 2012. Guilin, Guangxi, 31 July - August 2012. - 9780769547725 ; , s. 574-577
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The study aimed at optimizing the anti-whiplash performance of the seat in rear impact by using orthogonal experimental design (OED) and comprehensive equilibrium methods. Firstly, according to the Euro NCAP evaluation procedure for whiplash injury, a rear impact model was developed with BioRID II dummy, sled system, seat and seat belt by using MADYMO code. Then, the anti-whiplash performance of the seat was evaluated by using five criterions (NIC, Nkm, etc). In order to improve the anti-whiplash performance of the seat, the effects of 7 design parameters (the position of the headrest, the stiffness of the headrest, etc) on the five criterions was analyzed. The results from the study show that NIC is reduced by 36.8%, and other four criterions are also decreased in the best configuration.
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| 4. |
- Yang, Jikuang, 1948, et al.
(author)
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A Human- 3D Mathematical Model for Simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts
- 2000
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In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 2:2, s. 131-149
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A 3D mathematical model of the human body was developed to simulate responses ofpedestrians in car impacts. The model consists of fifteen body segments connected by fourteenjoints, including two human-like knee joints and two breakable-leg segments. The anthro-pometrical data for the model were generated by theGEBODprogram, and characteristics ofthe body segments and the joints were defined based on available biomechanical data.The validity of the model was evaluated against full-scale impact tests with pedestriansubstitutes and an experimental car in terms of the kinematics of the pedestrian substitute,bumper impact forces, accelerations of the body segments, and failure description fromanatomical investigations of the pedestrian substitutes.The sensitivity of the model to input variables was studied at impact speeds of 15 and40 km/h with the following car-front parameters: bumper height, bumper stiffness, bumper-lead distance, height of hood edge, and hood-edge stiffness. The validated model demonstratedits capability in simulations of car±pedestrian impacts for the assessment of responses ofpedestrians, prediction of risks of pedestrian injuries and for the development of safetycountermeasures.
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| 5. |
- Yang, Jikuang, 1948, et al.
(author)
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Development and Validation of a Human-Body Mathematical Model for Simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts
- 1997
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In: Proc. of the Int. IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts. Hannover, Germany. ; , s. 133-149. SAE paper no. 1997-13-0008-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop a 3D mathematical model of the human body to simulateresponses of pedestrians in car impacts with emphasis on the lower extremities and the head. Themodel, implemented by using MADYMO-GEBOD program, consists of fifteen body segmentsconnected by fourteen joints, including two human-like knee joints and two breakable leg segmentswhich allow to simulate the knee responses associated with leg fracture.The model was verified by using published sled impact tests with cadavers in terms of kinematicsof the pedestrian substitutes, accelerations of the body segments, and failure description fromanatomical investigations of the pedestrian substitutes. The sensitivity of the model to input variableswas studied at impact speeds of 15 and 40 km/h with the following parameters: bumper height,bumper stiffness, bumper lead distance, height of hood-edge, hood-edge stiffness, and impact speed.The validated model demonstrated its capability in simulations of car-pedestrian impacts to predict riskof pedestrian injuries and to develop safety countermeasures for pedestrian protection.
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| 6. |
- Yang, Jikuang, 1948, et al.
(author)
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Multi-objective optimization of child restraint system for vehicle side impact
- 2011
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In: Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering. - 0577-6686. ; 47:12, s. 79-84, DOI:10.3901/JME.2011.12.079
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The head and thorax of the child occupant are mainly injured regions in passenger car side impacts. In order to reduce theinjury risks of head and thorax, a multi-objective optimization design of child restraint system (CRS) and side airbag is conducted interms of CRS safety performances. A mathematical model of a child occupant in side collision is developed by using MADYMOsoftware and the validity of the model is evaluated by comparing results between simulation and sled test. For the purpose ofminimizing accelerations of child head and thorax, a sensitivity analysis of the design variables is conducted using the orthogonaldesign of experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance. The primary design variables are therefore determined, including materialpermeability of side airbag, location of top tether in X-direction and stiffness coefficient of lower anchorage. The objective functionsfor accelerations of child head and thorax are generated with second-order multinomial regression equations in terms of thedetermined design variables. Optimization is carried out byusing non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Theoptimized configuration of the CRS is obtained by further analysis based on the Pareto-optimal solutions. The results indicate thatmain design parameters of child restraint system are material permeability 0.037 of side airbag, location −0.25 m of top tether inX-direction, stiffness coefficient 0.5 of lower anchorage. Under the optimized condition, the peak value of head acceleration isminimized by about 24 percent. The peak value of thorax acceleration is declined by about 30 percent.
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| 7. |
- Yang, Jikuang, 1948, et al.
(author)
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Review of Pedestrian Protection from Vehicle Impacts
- 1997
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In: Journal of Traffic Medicine. ; 25:1-2, s. 45-56. SAE paper no. 26-25-1/2-45-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this paper is to survey theresearch on pedestrian safety in vehicle-pedestrianimpacts and on the development of countermeasures.Methods: The literature review emphasized on thefollowing key aspects: injury epidemiology, injurymechanisms, tolerance levels, protection assessmenttechniques, and proposed safety counter-measures.Results: The current status of the knowledge andtechnology for pedestrian injury protection isdiscussed. The important gaps are identified.Conclusion: A cost-effective method for reducingpedestrian injury severity is modifying designs ofnew vehicles. Research priorities should focus onfatal head injuries and lower extremity injuriesrelated to functional impairment. It is necessary todevelop a more advanced pedestrian dummy andmathematical models to obtain a betterunderstanding of injury mechanisms. Only then caneffective counter-measures be proposed.
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| 8. |
- Yang, Xingmei, et al.
(author)
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Protection efficiency of side airbag on child occupant
- 2011
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In: Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) / Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition). - 1671-7775. ; 32:4, s. 379-384, id. 1671-7775(2011)04-0000-0-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to evaluate the injury risk of child occupant exposed to the deployed side airbag in side impact. Based on the Prescribed Structure Motion, LS-Dyna and MADYMO softwares was used to develop the simulation models. Simulations with and without side airbag deployment were carried out under the Euro-NCAP side impact conditions. The dynamic response parameters of head, neck and thorax of 6-year-old child with misusing and using correctly booster seat were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that the child misusing booster seat may not receive the threat of side airbag for head and thorax. The child using booster seat correctly may receive the protective benefits of side airbag for head and thorax. Whether a child misuses or uses correctly booster seat, the injury risk of neck depends on the real impact situations.
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| 9. |
- Yang, Z., et al.
(author)
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Lightweight design of B-pillar with TRB concept considering crashworthiness
- 2012
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In: 2012 3rd International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation, ICDMA 2012. Guilin, Guangxi, 31 July - 2 August 2012. - 9780769547725 ; , s. 510-513
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lightweight and crashworthiness are two crucial aspects of automobile design. The purpose of this study is to minimize the weight of the B-pillar without compromising the safety performance for the car occupants in side collisions and roof crush. For the purpose a finite element model was developed for modeling of a passenger car in side collision and roof crush. The optimization of the B-pillar was carried out by using tailor rolled blanks (TRB) concept under the constraint of vehicle side impact and roof crush. An integrated approach is applied using uniform design, finite element method, Kriging approximation and genetic algorithm. The B-pillar intrusion, intrusion velocity and the resistant force of roof crush were defined as constraint for determination of the thickness of the B-pillar. Finally, two types of structure TRB I and TRB II are proposed for lightweight design. The results indicated that the weight of the B-pillar can be reduced by 36.43% and 31.57% respectively, while fulfilling the safety requirements.
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| 10. |
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