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- Ho, Joshua W. K., et al.
(författare)
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Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 512:7515, s. 449-U507
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome function is dynamically regulated in part by chromatin, which consists of the histones, non-histone proteins and RNA molecules that package DNA. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have contributed substantially to our understanding of molecular mechanisms of genome function in humans, and have revealed conservation of chromatin components and mechanisms(1-3). Nevertheless, the three organisms have markedly different genome sizes, chromosome architecture and gene organization. On human and fly chromosomes, for example, pericentric heterochromatin flanks single centromeres, whereas worm chromosomes have dispersed heterochromatin-like regions enriched in the distal chromosomal 'arms', and centromeres distributed along their lengths(4,5). To systematically investigate chromatin organization and associated gene regulation across species, we generated and analysed a large collection of genome-wide chromatin data sets from cell lines and developmental stages in worm, fly and human. Here we present over 800 new data sets from our ENCODE and modENCODE consortia, bringing the total to over 1,400. Comparison of combinatorial patterns of histone modifications, nuclear lamina-associated domains, organization of large-scale topological domains, chromatin environment at promoters and enhancers, nucleosome positioning, and DNA replication patterns reveals many conserved features of chromatin organization among the three organisms. We also find notable differences in the composition and locations of repressive chromatin. These data sets and analyses provide a rich resource for comparative and species-specific investigations of chromatin composition, organization and function.
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| 2. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge and perception of sexual health education and condom use among STI patients india
- 2014
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Ingår i: International STD Research & Reviews. - Haryana, India : Sciencedomain International. - 2347-5196 .- 2347-5196. ; 2:2, s. 74-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To explore the knowledge of STI, HIV/AIDS and condom use behaviour among men and women who have been medically treated and not treated for STIs in relation to socio-demographic factors. Furthermore, the study will explore the perceptions of adolescent sexual health education at school in the aforementioned group.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in all Indian member states during 2005-2006.Methodology: Using nationally representative samples, a cross sectional study of 8924 women and 1644 men (2948 women & 745 men received medical treatment for STIs) were used to examine their knowledge, condom use behaviour and perception of adolescent sexual health education at school. Chi-square analysis was performed.Results: Gher proportions of respondents who were urban residents, higher educated and more affluent received medical treatment for STIs compared to their rural, less educated and poorer peers. More women (43%) who reported condom use during their last sexual intercourse received treatment vs. the group not using condoms (32%). Proportionally, more women and men who had heard about STIs and HIV/AIDS answered in favor of girl’s and boy’s sexual health education, condom use and HIV/AIDS education compared to their peers who did not hear about STIs and HIV/AIDS. Even after receiving treatment respondents reported not having enough information about STIs, or HIV/AIDS. STI patients suggested that sexuality education should be added to school curriculum for a better understanding of the diseases in the general population.Conclusion: Indian policy makers should place emphasis on providing necessary preventive information about STIs through different channels such as treatment centers,school curriculums and awareness campaigns.
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| 5. |
- Pharne, S., et al.
(författare)
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Economic Cost of pedestrian injuries in Stockholm City
- 2014
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Ingår i: Health. - Irvine USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 1949-5005 .- 1949-4998. ; 6, s. 2736-2742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To conduct a cost analysis of pedestrian injuries at zebra crossings (marked lines only) in Stockholm city during 2008, and propose an intervention for reducing these incidents. Cost savings for the intervention are calculated and presented. Method: A Cost of Illness (COI) method was used to calculate the cost for pedestrian injuries at zebra crossings. Cost of Illness included direct and indirect costs and excluded intangible costs due to lack of data. Data and statistics from STRADA, PAR and calculations from MSB were used to perform the COI. Results: During 2008, 73 pedestrians were injured at zebra crossings in Stockholm city, amounting an estimated social cost of 10.8 million Swedish Krona (SEK) (severe injuries 9.2 million SEK, minor injuries 1.6 million SEK). The costs for reducing pedestrian injuries and related social burden via the proposed intervention (zebra crossings constructed alongside asphalt speed bumps with adjacent lights on both sides of the crossing) were estimated to be 250,000 SEK at roads without intersections, and 1.6 million SEK at roads with an intersection. Conclusion: Pedestrian injuries place a large financial burden on society each year. It is recommended to add speed bumps and adjacent lights to zebra crossings where most pedestrian injuries occur. The intervention would reduce pedestrian injuries and also decrease the cost for the society due to these injuries. Cost savings for the intervention depend on the kind of injury avoided and what kind of road the intervention is built on.
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| 6. |
- Riddle, Nicole C, et al.
(författare)
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Enrichment of HP1a on drosophila chromosome 4 genes creates an alternate chromatin structure critical for regulation in this heterochromatic domain
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science, PLOS. - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 8:9, s. e1002954-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chromatin environments differ greatly within a eukaryotic genome, depending on expression state, chromosomal location, and nuclear position. In genomic regions characterized by high repeat content and high gene density, chromatin structure must silence transposable elements but permit expression of embedded genes. We have investigated one such region, chromosome 4 of Drosophila melanogaster. Using chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by microarray (ChIP-chip) analysis, we examined enrichment patterns of 20 histone modifications and 25 chromosomal proteins in S2 and BG3 cells, as well as the changes in several marks resulting from mutations in key proteins. Active genes on chromosome 4 are distinct from those in euchromatin or pericentric heterochromatin: while there is a depletion of silencing marks at the transcription start sites (TSSs), HP1a and H3K9me3, but not H3K9me2, are enriched strongly over gene bodies. Intriguingly, genes on chromosome 4 are less frequently associated with paused polymerase. However, when the chromatin is altered by depleting HP1a or POF, the RNA pol II enrichment patterns of many chromosome 4 genes shift, showing a significant decrease over gene bodies but not at TSSs, accompanied by lower expression of those genes. Chromosome 4 genes have a low incidence of TRL/GAGA factor binding sites and a low T-m downstream of the TSS, characteristics that could contribute to a low incidence of RNA polymerase pausing. Our data also indicate that EGG and POF jointly regulate H3K9 methylation and promote HP1a binding over gene bodies, while HP1a targeting and H3K9 methylation are maintained at the repeats by an independent mechanism. The HP1a-enriched, POF-associated chromatin structure over the gene bodies may represent one type of adaptation for genes embedded in repetitive DNA.
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| 7. |
- Wang, S, et al.
(författare)
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Injury Epidemiology in a Safe Community Health Service Center in Shanghai, China
- 2011
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Ingår i: HEALTHMED. - Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina : DRUNPP-SARAJEVO, BOLNICKA BB, SARAJEVO, 71000, BOSNIA and HERCEG. - 1840-2291 .- 1986-8103. ; 5:3, s. 479-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study has investigated the injury epidemiology in a community health service center (CHSC) under a Safe Community in Shanghai, China. It was a cross sectional study with data generated from hospital records and Injury Report Card (IRC). Open wounds constituted 571 (50.8%) injuries. Majority of the injuries (99.64%) did not need any hospitalization. Among the injured victims, 59.16% were floating population and occupied in the manufacturing or transportation sector (31.49% of the injury), commercial services and farms. Finger, toes, head and face were most affected part of the body due to injuries. Mechanical objects and falls constituted nearly 95% causes of injuries. During start of working hours (9am) and during Wednesday and Thursday the frequencies of injuries were highest. In a WHO Safe Community program, injury epidemiology has great emphasize as it dwelled with proper scientific evidences of the injury etiologies. The study had identified some important issues within its objected framework. Education and supervision of the floating workers can be effective for reducing injuries.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, L.-l., et al.
(författare)
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The KAP evaluation of intervention on fall-induced injuries among elders in a safe community in Shanghai, China
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, USA : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: To evaluate the effect of an intervention on fall induced injuries of elderly people in a safe-community in Shanghai and to discuss an intervention model that is proper for the community to generalize. Methodology/Principal Findings: Five neighborhood areas in a Safe Community were purposively selected. All individuals aged 60 years or over in five neighborhoods were prospective participants. From randomly selected prospective households with elders, 2,889 (pre intervention) and 3,021 (post intervention) elderly people were included in the study. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Model (KAP) questionnaires were used at the pre- and post-intervention phase for fall-induced injury prevention in the community. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used. After the intervention, knowledge about the prevention of fall-induced injuries increased, as did attitudes, beliefs and good behaviors for fall prevention. Behavior modification was most notable with many behavior items changing significantly (p value<0.0001). Conclusions/ Significance: The integrated program for reducing fall-related injuries in the community was effective in improving fall prevention among the elderly, but the intervention still needs further improvement. © 2012 Zhang et al.
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