| 1. |
- Deneberg, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Prognostic DNA methylation patterns in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia are predefined by stem cell chromatin marks
- 2011
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Ingår i: Blood. - : American Society of Hematology. - 0006-4971 .- 1528-0020. ; 118:20, s. 5573-5582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) comprise between forty and fifty percent of all adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. In this clinically diverse group molecular aberrations such as FLT3ITD, NPM1 and CEBPA mutations recently have added to the prognostic accuracy. Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer including AML. We investigated in total 118 CN-AML samples in a test and a validation cohort for genome-wide promoter DNA methylation with Illumina Methylation Bead arrays and compared them to normal myeloid precursors and global gene expression. IDH and NPM1 mutations were associated with different methylation patterns (p=0.0004 and 0.04, respectively). Genome-wide methylation levels were elevated in IDH mutated samples (p=0.006). We observed a negative impact of DNA methylation on transcription. Genes targeted by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and genes associated with bivalent histone marks in stem cells showed increased aberrant methylation in AML (p<0.0001). Furthermore, high methylation levels of PcG target genes were independently associated with better progression free (OR 0.47, p=0.01) and overall survival (OR 0.36, p=0.001). In summary, genome wide methylation patterns show preferential methylation of PcG targets with prognostic impact in CN-AML.
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| 2. |
- Hogan, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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Fission yeast Iec1-Ino80-mediated nucleosome eviction regulates nucleotide and phosphate metabolism
- 2010
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Ingår i: Molecular and Cellular Biology. - 0270-7306 .- 1098-5549. ; 30:3, s. 657-674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ino80 is an ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling enzyme involved in transcription, replication, and the DNA damage response. Here, we characterize the fission yeast Ino80 and find that it is essential for cell viability. We show that the Ino80 complex from fission yeast mediates ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling in vitro. The purification of the Ino80-associated complex identified a highly conserved complex and the presence of a novel zinc finger protein with similarities to the mammalian transcriptional regulator Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and other members of the GLI-Krüppel family of proteins. Deletion of this Iec1 protein or the Ino80 complex subunit arp8, ies6, or ies2 causes defects in DNA damage repair, the response to replication stress, and nucleotide metabolism. We show that Iec1 is important for the correct expression of genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, including the ribonucleotide reductase subunit cdc22 and phosphate- and adenineresponsive genes. We find that Ino80 is recruited to a large number of promoter regions on phosphate starvation, including those of phosphate- and adenine-responsive genes that depend on Iec1 for correct expression. Iec1 is required for the binding of Ino80 to target genes and subsequent histone loss at the promoter and throughout the body of these genes on phosphate starvation. This suggests that the Iec1-Ino80 complex promotes transcription through nucleosome eviction.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Pandey, Gaurav Kumar
(författare)
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Regulatory Roles of Noncoding RNA in Development and Disease
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being realized as important players in gene regulation and their misregulation has been considered as one of the underlying causes for tumor initiation and progression in many human pathologies. In the current thesis, I have addressed the functional role of lncRNAs in development and disease model systems.Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon by which subset of genes are expressed in a parent of origin-specific manner. The Kcnq1 imprinted locus is epigenetically regulated by Kcnq1ot1 lncRNA. Deletion of an 890bp region at the 5’ end of Kcnq1ot1 in mouse resulted in the loss of silencing of neighboring ubiqui-tously imprinted genes (UIGs). In addition, we observed loss of DNA methylation at the UIG promoters. We have shown that Kcnq1ot1 RNA establishes CpG methylation by interacting with DNMT1. To explore the stability of lncRNA mediated silencing pathways, we have conditionally deleted Kcnq1ot1 in the mouse in a stage and tissue-specific manner. We have shown that Kcnq1ot1 is continuously required for maintaining the silencing of UIGs, whereas the silencing of the placental im-printed genes is maintained in an RNA independent manner. To identify chromatin-associated lncRNA (CARs) on a genome-wide scale, we purified RNA from the sucrose gradient fractionated chromatin and subjected it to RNA sequencing. Our study has identified 141 intronic and 74 long intergenic CARs. Characterization of one of the CARs revealed that it regulates the expression of neighboring genes in cis by modulating the chromatin structure. We have explored the functional role of lncRNA in tumor progression and initiation by using pediatric neuroblastoma. By transcriptional profiling of low- and high-risk tumors, we have identified several lncRNAs differentially expressed between these subtypes. We report an uncharacterized RNA NBAT-1, expressed at lower levels in high-risk tumors relative to low-risk tumors. Using neuroblastoma cell culture system, we demonstrated that NBAT-1 has anti-cell proliferative and anti-invasive properties. In addition, it promotes differentiation of neurons from undifferentiated neuroblastoma cell lines. In summary, by employing mouse genetics, cell culture based model system and expression profiling in tumors, we have uncovered new roles of lncRNA in gene regulation.
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| 5. |
- Persson, Jenna, et al.
(författare)
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Chd1 remodelers maintain open chromatin and regulate the epigenetics of differentiation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 316:8, s. 1316-1323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eukaryotic DNA is packaged around octamers of histone proteins into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin. In addition to enabling meters of DNA to fit within the confines of a nucleus, the structure of chromatin has functional implications for cell identity. Covalent chemical modifications to the DNA and to histones, histone variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, small noncoding RNAs and the level of chromatin compaction all contribute to chromosomal structure and to the activity or silencing of genes. These chromatin-level alterations are defined as epigenetic when they are heritable from mother to daughter cell. The great diversity of epigenomes that can arise from a single genome permits a single, totipotent cell to generate the hundreds of distinct cell types found in humans. Two recent studies in mouse and in fly have highlighted the importance of Chd1 chromatin remodelers for maintaining an open, active chromatin state. Based on evidence from fission yeast as a model system, we speculate that Chd1 remodelers are involved in the disassembly of nucleosomes at promoter regions, thus promoting active transcription and open chromatin. It is likely that these nucleosomes are specifically marked for disassembly by the histone variant H2A.Z.
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| 6. |
- Rhind, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Functional Genomics of the Fission Yeasts
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 332:6032, s. 930-936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fission yeast clade-comprising Schizosaccharomyces pombe, S. octosporus, S. cryophilus, and S. japonicus-occupies the basal branch of Ascomycete fungi and is an important model of eukaryote biology. A comparative annotation of these genomes identified a near extinction of transposons and the associated innovation of transposon-free centromeres. Expression analysis established that meiotic genes are subject to antisense transcription during vegetative growth, which suggests a mechanism for their tight regulation. In addition, trans-acting regulators control new genes within the context of expanded functional modules for meiosis and stress response. Differences in gene content and regulation also explain why, unlike the budding yeast of Saccharomycotina, fission yeasts cannot use ethanol as a primary carbon source. These analyses elucidate the genome structure and gene regulation of fission yeast and provide tools for investigation across the Schizosaccharomyces clade.
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| 7. |
- Sinha, Indranil, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide mapping of histone modifications and mass spectrometry reveal H4 acetylation bias and H3K36 methylation at gene promoters in fission yeast
- 2010
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Ingår i: Epigenomics. - 1750-1911. ; 2:3, s. 377-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To map histone modifications with unprecedented resolution both globally and locus-specifically, and to link modification patterns to gene expression. Materials & methods: Using correlations between quantitative mass spectrometry and chromatin immunoprecipitation/microarray analyses, we have mapped histone post-translational modifications in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Results: Acetylations at lysine 9, 18 and 27 of histone H3 give the best positive correlations with gene expression in this organism. Using clustering analysis and gene ontology search tools, we identified promoter histone modification patterns that characterize several classes of gene function. For example, gene promoters of genes involved in cytokinesis have high H3K36me2 and low H3K4me2, whereas the converse pattern is found ar promoters of gene involved in positive regulation of the cell cycle. We detected acetylation of H4 preferentially at lysine 16 followed by lysine 12, 8 and 5. Our analysis shows that this H4 acetylation bias in the coding regions is dependent upon gene length and linked to gene expression. Our analysis also reveals a role for H3K36 methylation at gene promoters where it functions in a crosstalk between the histone methyltransferase Set2(KMT3) and the histone deacetylase Clr6, which removes H3K27ac leading to repression of transcription. Conclusion: Histone modification patterns could be linked to gene expression in fission yeast.
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| 8. |
- Sinha, Indranil
(författare)
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Genome-wide patterns of histone modifications in fission yeast
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DNA is wrapped almost two times around a group of proteins called histones to form a chromosomal structure known as the nucleosome. Both DNA and histones can be modified with different chemical tags by several enzymes to activate or suppress a particular gene or group of genes. Histones can be covalently modified at several places. Among many different types of post-translational histone modifications, histone acetylation and methylation are two important modification types that are associated with transcriptional activation and repression. Histone acetylation and methylation can be added by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone methyletransferases (HMTs), whereas these modifications can be removed by histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone demethylases (HDMs). Histone modifications are not only involved in the regulation of gene expression, but also in DNA-based processes, such as replication, repair, and the formation and maintenance of heterochromatin. Combinations of modified and unmodified states of histones can form distinct histone modification patterns. In many different genome-wide studies, it was observed that a distinctive pattern of histone modification in various organisms is important for gene regulation, DNA replication, chromosome segregation and heterochromatin-mediated silencing. In this thesis, we have conducted several genome-wide investigations to uncover different histone modification patterns and their roles in transcriptional control in fission yeast. Our analysis of six different HDACs in fission yeast showed that Clr6 and Clr3 are mainly involved in keeping repressed genes silent; Sir2 and Hst2 repress non-expressed genes, and Hst4 acts globally to reduce gene expression, whereas Hos2 is required for the activation of gene expression. By investigating the influence of each HDAC on nucleosome density, we found that all sirtuins and Hos2 enzymes are required to maintain normal nucleosome density and distribution in the S. pombe genome. We have reported that histone acetylation patterns show a 5` to 3` polarity, i.e., the modification levels peak near the ATG and gradually decrease in the coding regions. We also found that histone acetylation patterns depend on gene expression but are independent of gene length. Comparing our data with other published datasets, we observed that different HDAC mutants affect acetylation in different parts of open reading frames (ORFs). We have demonstrated that histone H4 acetylation proceeds in the direction from K16 to K5, consistent with a `zip` model that may be involved in transcriptional control. Our analysis revealed antagonistic crosstalk between H3K36me2/me3 and H3K27ac at promoter regions. We observed that histone H3 K18, K27 and K9 acetylation positively correlate with gene expression, and a conserved pattern was also reported in other organisms. Finally, we report that histone H4K20me1 is strongly linked to active genes, whereas H4K20me3 is associated with weakly expressed genes. Our analysis further shows that H4K20me1 modification levels peak at 3‟UTR regions in active genes. Thus, our analysis revealed many different aspects of histone modification patterns and their roles in transcriptional control in fission yeast.
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| 9. |
- Smialowska, Agata, et al.
(författare)
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RNAi mediates post-transcriptional repression of gene expression in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 444:2, s. 254-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing mechanism conserved from fungi to mammals. Small interfering RNAs are products and mediators of the RNAi pathway and act as specificity factors in recruiting effector complexes. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome encodes one of each of the core RNAi proteins, Dicer, Argonaute and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (dcr1, ago1, rdp1). Even though the function of RNAi in heterochromatin assembly in S. pombe is established, its role in controlling gene expression is elusive. Here, we report the identification of small RNAs mapped anti-sense to protein coding genes in fission yeast. We demonstrate that these genes are up-regulated at the protein level in RNAi mutants, while their mRNA levels are not significantly changed. We show that the repression by RNAi is not a result of heterochromatin formation. Thus, we conclude that RNAi is involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing in S. pombe.
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| 10. |
- Strålfors, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
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The FUN30 Chromatin Remodeler, Fft3, Protects Centromeric and Subtelomeric Domains from Euchromatin Formation
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chromosomes of eukaryotes are organized into structurally and functionally discrete domains. This implies the presence of insulator elements that separate adjacent domains, allowing them to maintain different chromatin structures. We show that the Fun30 chromatin remodeler, Fft3, is essential for maintaining a proper chromatin structure at centromeres and subtelomeres. Fft3 is localized to insulator elements and inhibits euchromatin assembly in silent chromatin domains. In its absence, euchromatic histone modifications and histone variants invade centromeres and subtelomeres, causing a mis-regulation of gene expression and severe chromosome segregation defects. Our data strongly suggest that Fft3 controls the identity of chromatin domains by protecting these regions from euchromatin assembly.
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