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- Drake, Marcus J, et al.
(författare)
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Structural and functional denervation of human detrusor after spinal cord injury.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Laboratory Investigation. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0023-6837 .- 1530-0307. ; 80:10, s. 1491-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bladder receives an extensive nerve supply that is predominantly cholinergic, but several putative transmitters are present, some of which are colocalized. Previous studies have shown increased levels of sensory nerves, reduced inhibitory transmitters, and structural and functional changes in the excitatory input in unstable bladder conditions. The present study compared the end-organ nerve supply to the bladder in spinal cord injury (SCI) with uninjured controls. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence were used to investigate neurotransmitter content, with confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess colocalization. Organ bath studies provided functional correlates for the structural changes in the excitatory innervation. Control samples had dense innervation of the detrusor containing a diverse range of transmitters. Hyperreflexic SCI samples showed patchy denervation, and areflexic SCI samples were diffusely denervated. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neuropeptide Y-, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-, and galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were reduced from frequent or moderately frequent to infrequent or very infrequent in SCI. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers were infrequent in controls and SCI samples. Patterns of colocalization were unchanged, but significantly fewer fibers expressed more than one transmitter. The subepithelial plexus was markedly reduced and several of the smaller coarse nerve trunks showed no immunoreactivity to the transmitters assessed. There was no reduction in sensitivity to electrical field stimulation of intrinsic nerves in SCI, but the maximum force generated by each milligram of bladder tissue and the peak force as a proportion of the maximum carbachol contraction were significantly reduced and the responses were protracted. There was no significant functional atropine-resistant neuromuscular transmission in controls or SCI. The reported findings have clinical implications in the management of chronic SCI and development of new treatments.
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- Gardner, D. J., et al.
(författare)
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Wood composite protection
- 2003
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Ingår i: <em>Wood Deterioration and Preservation</em>. - : American Chemical Society. - 0841237972 ; , s. 399-419
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood composites should be protected against microbial and insect attack when used outdoors, especially in construction applications with prolonged exposure to moisture. Preservative systems and treatment processes affect composite properties, especially adhesive/wood bonding and mechanical properties. Several common systems for preservation of composites include, 1) the use of pretreated wood, applicable particularly to some solid lumber laminates; 2) in-process preservative treatments favored for composites made from flakes, particles, and fibers where the preservative treatment is incorporated during the manufacturing process; 3) post-process preservative treatments which are generally favored for wood composites made from lumber and veneer; and 4) the use of recycled treated wood elements in manufacturing or the use of wood species with a high natural resistance against biodegradation. This chapter discusses these four preservative methods and presents a general overview of current research concerning preservation practices and techniques in North America including the effect of preservatives on composite properties, durability issues, and degradation modes.
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