| 1. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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| 2. |
- Kalal, Shailesh, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic correlations in epitaxial CrN thin film
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chromium nitride (CrN) spurred enormous interest due to its coupled magnetostructural and unique metal-insulator transition. The underneath electronic structure of CrN remains elusive. Herein, the electronic structure of epitaxial CrN thin film has been explored by employing resonant photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy study in combination with the first-principles calculations. The RPES study indicates the presence of a charge-transfer screened 3dnL_ (L: hole in the N-2p) and 3dn−1 final-states in the valence band regime. The combined experimental electronic structure along with the orbital resolved electronic density of states from the first-principles calculations reveals the presence of Cr(3d)-N(2p) hybridized (3dnL_) states between lower Hubbard (3dn−1) and upper Hubbard (3dn+1) bands with onsite Coulomb repulsion energy (U) and charge-transfer energy (Δ) estimated as ≈ 4.5 and 3.6 eV, respectively. It verifies the participation of ligand (N-2p) states in low energy charge fluctuations and provides concrete evidence for the charge-transfer (Δ
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| 3. |
- Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting Associations Between Diabetes and Cardiovascular Mortality Rates in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries: Cohort Study Data From 143,567 Individuals in 21 Countries in the PURE Study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Diabetes care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1935-5548 .- 0149-5992. ; 43:12, s. 3094-3101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to compare cardiovascular (CV) events, all-cause mortality, and CV mortality rates among adults with and without diabetes in countries with differing levels of income.The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study enrolled 143,567 adults aged 35-70 years from 4 high-income countries (HIC), 12 middle-income countries (MIC), and 5 low-income countries (LIC). The mean follow-up was 9.0 ± 3.0 years.Among those with diabetes, CVD rates (LIC 10.3, MIC 9.2, HIC 8.3 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.001), all-cause mortality (LIC 13.8, MIC 7.2, HIC 4.2 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.001), and CV mortality (LIC 5.7, MIC 2.2, HIC 1.0 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.001) were considerably higher in LIC compared with MIC and HIC. Within LIC, mortality was higher in those in the lowest tertile of wealth index (low 14.7%, middle 10.8%, and high 6.5%). In contrast to HIC and MIC, the increased CV mortality in those with diabetes in LIC remained unchanged even after adjustment for behavioral risk factors and treatments (hazard ratio [95% CI] 1.89 [1.58-2.27] to 1.78 [1.36-2.34]).CVD rates, all-cause mortality, and CV mortality were markedly higher among those with diabetes in LIC compared with MIC and HIC with mortality risk remaining unchanged even after adjustment for risk factors and treatments. There is an urgent need to improve access to care to those with diabetes in LIC to reduce the excess mortality rates, particularly among those in the poorer strata of society.
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| 4. |
- Bhuyan, Prabal Dev, et al.
(författare)
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Metallic one-dimensional heterostructure for gas molecule sensing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have investigated a new metallic core-shell nanowire (NW) geometry of that could be obtained experimentally, that is silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) NWs with cores constituted by group-10 elements palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt). These NWs are optimized with two different diameters of 1.5 angstrom and 2.5 angstrom. The nanowires having diameter of 1.5 angstrom show semi-metallic nature with GGA-PBE calculation and metallic nature while spin orbit interaction (SOC) is included. The quantum conductance of the NWs increases with the diameter of the nanowire. We have investigated current-voltage (IV) characteristics for the considered NWs. It has been found that current values in accordance with applied voltage show strong dependence on the diameter of the NWs. The optical study of the NWs shows that absorption co-efficient peak moves to lower energies; due to quantum confinement effect. Furthermore, we have extensively studied optical response of Pd and Pt based core-shell NWs in O-2 and CO2 environment. Our study on Si and Ge based metallic core/shell NW show a comprehensive picture as possible electron connector in future nano-electronic devices as well as nano gas detector for detecting O-2 gas.
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| 5. |
- Bhuyan, Prabal Dev, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrathin nanowire PdX2 (X = P, As) : stability, electronic transport and thermoelectric properties
- 2020
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Ingår i: New Journal of Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1144-0546 .- 1369-9261. ; 44:36, s. 15617-15624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last few decades, the miniaturization of devices has been taking place and therefore the quest for new nanowires has become more significant. In the present study, we have investigated the geometry of new ultrathin nanowires (NWs) of PdP2 and PdAs2 that could be obtained experimentally. We have optimized the pentagonal structures of both the NWs and studied their dynamical stability using the phonon dispersion curve. The electronic band structure shows semiconducting behaviour of PdP2 NWs with a band gap of 380 meV and PdAs2 NWs with a band gap of 294 meV, with higher charge carrier mobility than that of their 2D counterparts. The NWs show a band gap of 840 meV and 740 meV for PdP2 and PdAs2, respectively, through hybrid potential calculations. The PdX2 structure shows a transition from semiconducting to semi-metallic behaviour at a compressive strain of 8% within a sustainable pressure of 0.2–0.3 GPa. A negative differential conductance (NDC) effect is observed in the current–voltage graph for both the NWs. The semi-metallic behaviour with an asymmetric density of states near the Fermi energy boosts the Seebeck co-efficient value and therefore the ZTe value is enhanced for both the nanowires. The strained PdP2 and PdAs2 NWs show ZTe values of 4.75 and 5.49, respectively. Our study stimulates the feasibility of both nanowires and thermoelectric applications for the conversion of waste heat into electricity.
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| 6. |
- Chow, Clara Kayei, et al.
(författare)
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Availability and affordability of medicines and cardiovascular outcomes in 21 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries.
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ global health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 5:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to examine the relationship between access to medicine for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among people at high risk of CVD in high-income countries (HICs), upper and lower middle-income countries (UMICs, LMICs) and low-income countries (LICs) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.We defined high CVD risk as the presence of any of the following: hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, smoker, diabetes or age >55 years. Availability and affordability of blood pressure lowering drugs, antiplatelets and statins were obtained from pharmacies. Participants were categorised: group 1-all three drug types were available and affordable, group 2-all three drugs were available but not affordable and group 3-all three drugs were not available. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with nested clustering at country and community levels, adjusting for comorbidities, sociodemographic and economic factors.Of 163 466 participants, there were 93 200 with high CVD risk from 21 countries (mean age 54.7, 49% female). Of these, 44.9% were from group 1, 29.4% from group 2 and 25.7% from group 3. Compared with participants from group 1, the risk of MACEs was higher among participants in group 2 (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.31), and among participants from group 3 (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.50).Lower availability and affordability of essential CVD medicines were associated with higher risk of MACEs and mortality. Improving access to CVD medicines should be a key part of the strategy to lower CVD globally.
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| 7. |
- Dagenais, Gilles R, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in common diseases, hospital admissions, and deaths in middle-aged adults in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Lancet (London, England). - 1474-547X. ; 395:10226, s. 785-794
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To our knowledge, no previous study has prospectively documented the incidence of common diseases and related mortality in high-income countries (HICs), middle-income countries (MICs), and low-income countries (LICs) with standardised approaches. Such information is key to developing global and context-specific health strategies. In our analysis of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, we aimed to evaluate differences in the incidence of common diseases, related hospital admissions, and related mortality in a large contemporary cohort of adults from 21 HICs, MICs, and LICs across five continents by use of standardised approaches.The PURE study is a prospective, population-based cohort study of individuals aged 35-70 years who have been enrolled from 21 countries across five continents. The key outcomes were the incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular diseases, cancers, injuries, respiratory diseases, and hospital admissions, and we calculated the age-standardised and sex-standardised incidence of these events per 1000 person-years.This analysis assesses the incidence of events in 162534 participants who were enrolled in the first two phases of the PURE core study, between Jan 6, 2005, and Dec 4, 2016, and who were assessed for a median of 9·5 years (IQR 8·5-10·9). During follow-up, 11307 (7·0%) participants died, 9329 (5·7%) participants had cardiovascular disease, 5151 (3·2%) participants had a cancer, 4386 (2·7%) participants had injuries requiring hospital admission, 2911 (1·8%) participants had pneumonia, and 1830 (1·1%) participants had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cardiovascular disease occurred more often in LICs (7·1 cases per 1000 person-years) and in MICs (6·8 cases per 1000 person-years) than in HICs (4·3 cases per 1000 person-years). However, incident cancers, injuries, COPD, and pneumonia were most common in HICs and least common in LICs. Overall mortality rates in LICs (13·3 deaths per 1000 person-years) were double those in MICs (6·9 deaths per 1000 person-years) and four times higher than in HICs (3·4 deaths per 1000 person-years). This pattern of the highest mortality in LICs and the lowest in HICs was observed for all causes of death except cancer, where mortality was similar across country income levels. Cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of deaths overall (40%) but accounted for only 23% of deaths in HICs (vs 41% in MICs and 43% in LICs), despite more cardiovascular disease risk factors (as judged by INTERHEART risk scores) in HICs and the fewest such risk factors in LICs. The ratio of deaths from cardiovascular disease to those from cancer was 0·4 in HICs, 1·3 in MICs, and 3·0 in LICs, and four upper-MICs (Argentina, Chile, Turkey, and Poland) showed ratios similar to the HICs. Rates of first hospital admission and cardiovascular disease medication use were lowest in LICs and highest in HICs.Among adults aged 35-70 years, cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality globally. However, in HICs and some upper-MICs, deaths from cancer are now more common than those from cardiovascular disease, indicating a transition in the predominant causes of deaths in middle-age. As cardiovascular disease decreases in many countries, mortality from cancer will probably become the leading cause of death. The high mortality in poorer countries is not related to risk factors, but it might be related to poorer access to health care.Full funding sources are listed at the end of the paper (see Acknowledgments).
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| 8. |
- Gupta, Divyani, et al.
(författare)
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High yield selective electrochemical conversion of N-2 to NH(3)via morphology controlled silver phosphate under ambient conditions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 10:38, s. 20616-20625
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of a highly active catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia via the electrochemical dinitrogen reduction reaction (e-NRR) is an immense challenge. We report the modification of metallic Ag with inorganic phosphate to obtain Ag3PO4 as an effective electrocatalyst for the e-NRR in alkaline media under ambient conditions. The designed Ag3PO4 catalyst can effectually suppress the HER. The e-NRR activity was improved by fine-tuning the morphology by a template free one-pot synthesis. The synthesised Ag3PO4 having cuboidal morphology is shown to have superior activity and stability towards the e-NRR witnessed from a high faradaic efficiency of 26.67%, yield rate of 456.75 mu g h(-1) mg(cat)(-1) and TOF value of 0.46 h(-1) at a positive potential of 0 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH. Careful examination of any N-contaminants present in catalyst/electrolyte/gas-feed is carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy and gas-purification methods prior to e-NRR measurements to eliminate any false NH3 production. Also, the true source of NH3 production is confirmed by means of N-15-isotope labelling experiments via(1)H-NMR spectroscopy.
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| 9. |
- Gupta, Divyani, et al.
(författare)
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Local electrocatalytic activity of PtRu supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes towards methanol oxidation by scanning electrochemical microscopy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 9:37, s. 21291-21301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) were synthesized by treating HNO3-oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in an NH3 flow at different temperatures. PtRu nanoparticles were decorated over NCNTs. The PtRu catalysts were prepared by an impregnation-reduction method from metal chloride precursors with a total metal loading of about 10 wt%. The electrocatalytic activity with respect to methanol oxidation was studied using electrochemical and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurements. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical shape and narrow particle size distribution of the PtRu particles over NCNTs with average particle sizes of similar to 3-5 nm. A detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study was performed to quantitatively identify different nitrogen functional groups and to evaluate their role in the observed enhanced catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation. The determination of the local electrocatalytic activity of the proposed catalyst towards methanol oxidation and simultaneous evaluation of the intermediates produced during methanol oxidation were achieved using SECM. Density functional theory studies were performed to understand the adsorption sites of methanol and intermediates on different reactive sites and to investigate possible reaction mechanisms.
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| 10. |
- Gupta, Divyani, et al.
(författare)
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Self-powered NH3 synthesis by trifunctional Co2B-based high power density Zn-air batteries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 11:23, s. 12223-12235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrochemical production of NH3 by Zn-air batteries is a viable and economical approach to realize sustainable and competent energy conversion. We report the environment friendly, cost-effective, and energy efficient sonochemical synthesis of amorphous Co2B nanosheets for trifunctional electrocatalysis. The catalyst exhibits a high NH3 yield rate (2.98 mg h(-1) mg(cat.)(-1)), F.E (20.45%), and TOF of 0.74 h(-1) at -0.3 V vs. RHE, thereby unveiling an outstanding performance for the artificial ammonia synthesis. The reliable and true NH3 production is premediated by following rigorous protocol that involves the purification of gas supplies, elimination of N-contaminants, and quantification of NH3 by different methods, UV-Vis spectroscopy and N-15(2) isotope labelling experiments. More interestingly, DFT calculations on the Co2B catalyst surface shed light on the efficient NRR owing to the presence of Co active sites and possible HER suppression. The optimized Co2B catalyst shows outstanding oxygen bifunctional activity. When employed as an air-cathode for Zn-air batteries, it exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity delivering an open circuit potential of 1.45 V with a high power density of 500 mW cm(-2) and an energy density of 1078 W h kg(-1), which can perform NH3 generation with an overall NH3 production yield rate of 1.048 mg h(-1) mg(cat.)(-1).
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