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- Landberg, Rikard, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Biomarkers of cereal food intake
- 2019
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Ingår i: Genes and Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 14:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/objectives: Cereal foods are major contributors to the daily energy, protein, and dietary fiber intake all over the world. The role of cereals in human health is dependent on whether they are consumed as refined or whole grain and on cereal species. To unravel the underlying mechanisms of health effects attributed to specific cereal foods and to provide more precise dietary advice, there is a need for improved dietary assessment of whole-grain intake. Dietary biomarkers of specific cereals, different fractions or cereal-containing foods could offer such a possibility. The aim of this review was to summarize the current status on biomarkers of different cereals, fractions, and specific cereal foods. Subjects and methods: A literature review was conducted and putative biomarkers of different cereals and pseudo-cereals (wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, and quinoa) as well as for different grain fractions (whole grain, refined grain, bran) and foods were summarized and discussed. Results: Several putative biomarkers have been suggested for different cereals, due to their unique presence in these grains. Among the biomarkers, odd-numbered alkylresorcinols are the most well-studied and -evaluated biomarkers and reflect whole-grain wheat and rye intake. Even-numbered alkylresorcinols have been suggested to reflect quinoa intake. Recent studies have also highlighted the potential of avenanthramides and avenacosides as specific biomarkers of oat intake, and a set of biomarkers have been suggested to reflect rice bran intake. However, there are yet no specific biomarkers of refined grains. Most biomarker candidates remain to be evaluated in controlled interventions and free-living populations before applied as biomarkers of intake in food and health studies. Conclusion: Several putative biomarkers of different cereals have been suggested and should be validated in human studies using recently developed food intake biomarker validation criteria.
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| 2. |
- Tuomainen, Marjo, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative assessment of betainized compounds and associations with dietary and metabolic biomarkers in the randomized study of the healthy Nordic diet (SYSDIET)
- 2019
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 110:5, s. 1108-1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Recently, a group of betainized compounds have been suggested to play a role in health effects in relation to a whole-grain-rich diet.Objectives: The aims of this study were to develop a quantitative mass spectrometric method for selected betainized compounds in human plasma, and to investigate their association with nutrient intake and measures of metabolic health in participants of the SYSDIET study.Methods: The SYSDIET study was a controlled randomized intervention including individuals with metabolic syndrome, where the healthy Nordic diet (HND) group increased intakes of whole grains, canola oil, berries, and fish, whereas the control diet (CD) group consumed low-fiber cereal products, milk fat, and restricted amounts of fish and berries. A quantitative LC combined with triple quadrupole MS method for betainized compounds was developed and applied to fasting plasma samples from baseline (week 0) and the end of the intervention (week 18 or 24). Concentrations of betainized compounds were correlated with intakes of selected nutrients and fiber and measures of metabolic health.Results: Pipecolic acid betaine (PAB) concentrations were significantly higher in the HND group than in the CD group (P = 0.00032) at the end of the intervention and correlated directly (P < 0.0001) with intakes of dietary fiber (r = 0.376) and a biomarker related to whole-grain rye intake, namely the ratio of alkylresorcinol C17:0 to C21:0 (r = 0.442). PAB was associated inversely with fasting plasma insulin consistently at the beginning and at the end of the intervention (P < 0.001, r = -0.300; P < 0.01, r = -0.250, respectively), as well as IL-1 receptor antagonist (P < 0.01, r = -0.232 at the beginning; P < 0.01, r = -0.236 at the end) and serum LDL/HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01, r = -0.239 at the beginning; P < 0.01, r = -0.241 at the end).Conclusions: Among adults with the metabolic syndrome, PAB plasma concentrations were associated with fasting insulin, inflammation, and lipids and were significantly increased with adoption of the HND. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological functions of betainized compounds.
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| 3. |
- Walle, Paula, et al.
(författare)
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Liver DNA methylation of FADS2 associates with FADS2 genotypex 06 Biological Sciences 0604 Genetics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical Epigenetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1868-7075 .- 1868-7083. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been associated with increased mRNA expression of FADS2 in the liver and estimated activity of delta-6 desaturase in serum, encoded by the FADS2 gene. Since DNA methylation in the FADS1/2/3 gene cluster has been previously linked with genetic variants and desaturase activities, we now aimed to discover factors regulating DNA methylation of the CpG sites annotated to FADS1/2 genes. Methods: DNA methylation levels in the CpG sites annotated to FADS2 and FADS1 were analyzed from liver samples of 95 obese participants of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study (34 men and 61 women, age 49.5 ± 7.7 years, BMI 43.0 ± 5.7 kg/m2) using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina). Associations between DNA methylation levels and estimated delta-6 and delta-5 desaturase enzyme activities, liver histology, hepatic mRNA expression, FADS1/2 genotypes, and erythrocyte folate levels were analyzed. Results: We found a negative correlation between DNA methylation levels of cg06781209 and cg07999042 and hepatic FADS2 mRNA expression (both p < 0.05), and with estimated delta-6 desaturase activity based on both liver and serum fatty acids (all p < 0.05). Interestingly, the methylation level of cg07999042 (p = 0.001) but not of cg06781209 (p = 0.874) was associated with FADS2 variant rs174616. Conclusions: Genetic variants of FADS2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modifying DNA methylation.
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