| 1. |
- Sandblom, Gabriel, et al.
(author)
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Prostate Cancer Registration in Four Swedish Regions 1996 : Differences in Incidence, Age Structure and Management
- 1999
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5599 .- 1651-2065. ; 33:5, s. 306-311
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: In 1996 registration of prostate cancer in four of the six Swedish regions was started to facilitate evaluation of geographical variations in incidence and treatment.Material and methods: For all cases of prostate cancer, personal identification number, tumour stage, tumour grade and primary treatment were registered.Results: In the four regions covered by the register, 3541 cases of prostate cancer were registered. Altogether there were 5795 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in Sweden the same year. The age-standardized incidence varied from 89/100 000 to 169/100 000 among counties. The proportion of localized tumours correlated positively to the incidence (p < 0.05) and negatively to mean age at diagnosis (p < 0.01). There was also a significant positive correlation between the proportion of localized tumours and the percentage of patients given curative treatment. All registered variables showed large geographical variations, especially concerning percentage of T1c tumours, treatment of localized tumours and choice of palliative treatment.Conclusion: Diagnostic activity varied considerably among counties, resulting in large variation in age-standardized incidence. High incidence is associated with a larger proportion of localized tumours, which, in turn, is associated with early age at diagnosis. In counties where a policy of detecting tumours early is practised, curative treatment is also given more often. Treatment of localized tumours and preference for palliative treatment seem to depend on local traditions. The lack of cytological and histopathological standards makes geographical comparisons based on tumour grade impossible.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Jan-Erik, et al.
(author)
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Fifteen-year survival in prostate cancer : a prospective, population-based study in Sweden
- 1997
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In: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 277:6, s. 467-471
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To describe the natural history of initially untreated early-stage prostate cancer. A key secondary objective was to calculate long-term survival rates by stage, grade, and age at diagnosis. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Population-based in 1 county of Sweden, without screening for prostate cancer. PATIENTS: A group of 642 patients with prostate cancer of any stage, consecutively diagnosed between 1977 and 1984 at a mean age of 72 years with complete follow-up to 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients who died from prostate cancer, and 15-year survival (with 95% confidence interval [CI]), corrected for causes of death other than prostate cancer. RESULTS: In the entire cohort, prostate cancer accounted for 201 (37%) of all 541 deaths. Among 300 patients with a diagnosis of localized disease (T0-T2), 33 (11%) died of prostate cancer. In this group, the corrected 15-year survival rate was similar in 223 patients with deferred treatment (81%; 95% CI, 72%-89%) and in 77 who received initial treatment (81%; 95% CI, 67%-95%). The corrected 15-year survival was 57% (95% CI, 45%-68%) in 183 patients with locally advanced cancer (T3-T4) and 6% (95% CI, 0%-12%) in those 159 who had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Patients with localized prostate cancer have a favorable outlook following watchful waiting, and the number of deaths potentially avoidable by radical initial treatment is limited. Without reliable prognostic indicators, an aggressive approach to all patients with early disease would entail substantial overtreatment. In contrast, patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease need trials of aggressive therapy to improve their poor prognosis.
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| 3. |
- Gradin, Per A., et al.
(author)
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Measurement of the Power Distribution in a Single Disc Refiner
- 1999
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In: Journal of Pulp and Paper Science. - 0826-6220. ; 25:11, s. 384-387
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A vital parameter in the production of mechanical pulp through refining is the energy consumption. Until recently, the pulping industry has focused on the total energy consumed, without a full understanding of how this energy is distributed in the refiners. In this paper two methods are suggested by which it is possible to estimate the energy supplied at an arbitrary point along the disc radius on refiner segments. The methods are based on instrumented bar with strain gauges. In the first method, a bar is slotted so that the sensor can be viewed as consisting of a number of cantilever beams separated by slots. In the second method, the sensor consists of one continuous bar along the disc radius. The sensors are calibrated such that influence coefficients are obtained for the slotted case and an influence function is obtained for the continuous one. The tangential forces are obtained directly in the first method, while in the second they are given by an integral equation which can be solved numerically. From the knowledge of the tangential force the power distribution can be calculated. Experimental results from the use of the slotted sensor are also given.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Helgesen, Fred, et al.
(author)
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Trends in prostate cancer survival in Sweden, 1960 through 1988 : Evidence of increasing diagnosis of nonlethal tumors
- 1996
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In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 88:17, s. 1216-1221
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The incidence of prostate cancer has increased during the past 30 years but has been paralleled by increases in survival rates from this disease, despite the absence of documented major improvement in curative treatment. Since a high prevalence of microscopic prostate cancer has been observed in autopsied men and because many prostate cancers may never surface clinically, increased diagnostic activities might have led to increased detection of less aggressive tumors. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to elucidate whether the trends in prostate cancer incidence and patient survival may be due to increasing diagnoses of nonlethal tumors. METHODS: We analyzed a population-based cohort comprising all cases of prostate cancer (n = 80,901) detected in Sweden during the period of 1960 through 1988. Five hundred eighteen patients (0.64% of the total number) who could not be followed because of emigration or an incomplete national registration number were excluded. Observed and relative survival rates were calculated for the entire cohort of 80,383 assessable patients per 5-year age group in 5-year periods of diagnosis and according to diagnostic method and were compared between geographic areas with differences in incidence rates. To estimate the independent effects of these determinants, multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: For the 80,383 patients with complete follow-up, the 10- and 20-year observed survival rates were 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.2%-17.9%) and 3.5% (95% CI = 3.2%-3.7%), and the relative survival rates were 41.1% (95% CI = 40.3%-41.9%) and 28.6% (95% CI = 26.5%-30.1%), respectively. Relative survival rates improved markedly over time; 10-year relative survival rates increased from 29% (95% CI = 27%-31%) among case patients diagnosed in 1960 through 1964 to 45% (95% CI = 43%-46%) among those diagnosed in 1975 through 1979. Relative survival rates leveled off after about 18 years at 18% (95% CI = 15%-20%) among patients diagnosed in 1960 through 1964 and at 31% (95% CI = 28%-34%) among those diagnosed in 1970 through 1974. An even more favorable outlook was observed in those case patients diagnosed later. In areas with a high or low incidence of prostate cancer, the 10-year relative survival rates were 45% (95% CI = 44%-47%) and 36% (95% CI = 34%-38%), respectively. In the early 1960s, the calculated loss of life expectancy after diagnosis varied from about 68% (95% CI = 61%-75%) of the expected length of life in the youngest age group to about 48% (95% CI = 46%-50%) in the oldest age group. From 1960 through 1964 to 1985 through 1988, the loss of life expectancy decreased by more than 50% in all age groups. The differences in relative survival rates between age groups were small, with a gradual decrease in age groups more than 60-64 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the great temporal improvement and geographic variation in survival rates are quantitatively consistent, with likely increases in the rate of detection of nonlethal tumors. IMPLICATIONS: The increase in relative survival rates must be taken into consideration when evaluating the outcome of treatment of prostate cancer, since nonrandomized comparisons may be confounded by time trends. Diagnosis of nonlethal tumors raises concerns because the individual would suffer from the psychologic burden of a cancer diagnosis without any therapeutic benefit.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Jan-Erik, et al.
(author)
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Att skriva och lösa problem i grundskolans tre första årskurser
- 1997
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Under åren 1991-1992 deltog 77 barn i en förskoleverksamhet som arbetade enligt en fenomenografiskt inspirerad pedagogik vid sex förskolor, med tonvikt lagd på att utveckla barns tänkande och förståelse för olika fenomen omvärlden. När dessa barn slutade i förskolan följdes huvuddelen av dem in skolan genom ett projekt kallat "Att möta skolans värld", finansierat av Skolverket. Syftet med projektet var dels att beskriva och utvärdera barns möte med skolans värld, dels att studera hur barn som gått i en "traditionell", dvs den vanligast förekommande förskoleverksamheten respektive hur barn som deltagit i en fenomenografiskt inspirerad förskoleverksamhet klarar skolan. Barnen har följts genom observationer och intervjuer. I slutet av årskurs 1, årskurs 2 och årskurs 3 har barnen deltagit i ett flertal kunskapsprov. Genom kunskapsproven har man sökt ta reda på hur barnen som deltagit i den försöksverksamheten klarar några ämnen i skolan i jämförelse med sina klasskamrater som fungerar som kontrollgrupp. I detta bidrag kommer resultat från barnens färdigheter inom matematik och skrivning att redovisas och diskuteras. Inom området skrivning uppvisar flickorna bättre resultat än pojkarna både inom försöksgruppen och kontrollgruppen. Samma tendens kan observeras även inom de matematiska färdigheterna även om skillnaderna via en statisktisk prövning visar sig vara relativt små. I provresultaten från kunskapsproven i matematisk problemlösning i årskurs 1 och 2 uppvisar barnen från försöksverksamheten generellt bättre resultat än barnen från kontrollgruppen. I årskurs 3 har denna skillnad ebbat ut.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Jan-Erik, et al.
(author)
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Att skriva och lösa problem i grundskolans tre första årskurser. : Uppföljning av en försöksverksamhet i förskolan
- 1997
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In: Paper presenterat vid Nordisk förening för pedagogisk forskning (NFPF) Jubileumskongress, Göteborg, 6-9 mars.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Under åren 1991-1992 deltog 77 barn i en förskoleverksamhet som arbetade enligt en fenomenografiskt inspirerad pedagogik vid sex förskolor, med tonvikt lagd på att utveckla barns tänkande och förståelse för olika fenomen omvärlden. När dessa barn slutade i förskolan följdes huvuddelen av dem in skolan genom ett projekt kallat "Att möta skolans värld", finansierat av Skolverket. Syftet med projektet var dels att beskriva och utvärdera barns möte med skolans värld, dels att studera hur barn som gått i en "traditionell", dvs den vanligast förekommande förskoleverksamheten respektive hur barn som deltagit i en fenomenografiskt inspirerad förskoleverksamhet klarar skolan. Barnen har följts genom observationer och intervjuer. I slutet av årskurs 1, årskurs 2 och årskurs 3 har barnen deltagit i ett flertal kunskapsprov. Genom kunskapsproven har man sökt ta reda på hur barnen som deltagit i den försöksverksamheten klarar några ämnen i skolan i jämförelse med sina klasskamrater som fungerar som kontrollgrupp. I detta bidrag kommer resultat från barnens färdigheter inom matematik och skrivning att redovisas och diskuteras. Inom området skrivning uppvisar flickorna bättre resultat än pojkarna både inom försöksgruppen och kontrollgruppen. Samma tendens kan observeras även inom de matematiska färdigheterna även om skillnaderna via en statisktisk prövning visar sig vara relativt små. I provresultaten från kunskapsproven i matematisk problemlösning i årskurs 1 och 2 uppvisar barnen från försöksverksamheten generellt bättre resultat än barnen från kontrollgruppen. I årskurs 3 har denna skillnad ebbat ut.
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| 8. |
- Morberg, Åsa, 1945-
(author)
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Ämnet som nästan blev : En studie av metodiken i lärarutbildningen 1842- 1988
- 1999
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The development of "teaching practice" (Sw: "metodik") in teacher training (compulsory school level, that is, primary and secondary junior high school or grades 1 to 9) from 1842 to 1988 is described. Based on a number of evaluations of teacher training the following questions are posed: Has an earlier central role for teaching practice in teacher training changed? Has teaching practice become marginalised in teaching training? The empirical sources for this thesis are white papers and curricula for teacher. The approach adopted is based on frame factor theory.Teaching pratice has deep historical roots and tracing them can provide an interesting perspetive on the role of teaching practice today. The work reported here is the first detailed analysis of the place of teaching practice in the training of teachers for the Swedish compulsory school system. The development of teaching practice is traced step by step through each of the state reforms of teacher training for compulsory schools.Teaching practice is here defined as those techniques necessary for a successful meeting between teacher and pupil. The results show that in the development from 1842 to 1988, responsibility for the learning process shifted from, firstly, being the sole responsibility of the teacher to later becoming the sole responsibility of the pupil. In 1842 teaching practice was based on what is known as the Bell and Lancaster method. By 1862 each school topic hade devised its own formal structured methodology. At the beginning of the 20th century a more modern teaching practice, influenced by the "activity school" movement, was introduced. This was an important step toward teaching practice becoming a specialized discipline of its own. The 1968 school reform created a more scientifical model of teaching practice. Teaching practice for seconday school teacher education (junior high school) is also discussed in the context of a probationary year for these teachers (so called "Grades 4-9 Teachers"). Another focus of the thesis is the clash of traditons between Teacher Training Colleges and Universities as manifested in the most recent teacher training programmes for comprehensive compulsory school teachers (so called, Grades 1-7 Teachers). These tensions have come about since the incorporation of Teacher Training Colleges into the University and Constituent College system. The research reported attempts to explain how and why teaching practice in 1968 became a formal, but not in academic terms, a discipline of its own. Three dominant codes have been identified: the parallel code 1842-1886, the conflicting code 1914-1958, and the integrating code 1968-1988. The delineation of the State's code of university subject areas is also discussed, particularly in the light of the special problem of the varying status of the subject area known as "teaching practice". A presentation of the various categories of teacher trainers that have been involved in lecturing on teaching practice is also presented. It is concluded that variations in teaching practice have been used as a governemental tool in directing the development of teacher training and ultimatley in the development of the schooling system itself.
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