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- Nyberg, Klas, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Trade and Marketing. Some problems concerning the growth of market institutions in Swedish industrialisation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 46:1, s. 85-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the role of active marketing and distribution in different branches of industry in Sweden during the nineteenth century. The case studies from the cloth, cotton and metal trades show that successful firms were active during the industrialisation process, and combined production and distribution with marketing activities. The expanding cloth manufactures in Norrköping seem to have combined production with their own selling activities to a greater extent than those operating in the old, stagnating cloth centre of Stockholm. This could have given them the flexibility and special competence to take advantage of the growing home market, at the expense of the Stockholm manufactures which were not able to stay in business. Advertising in local newspapers became more important after the middle of the century. Local shopkeepers, especially drapers, in small towns seem to have played a strategic role in this. The new, mechanised cotton companies also incurred expenses for advertisements and other forms of mass marketing, though only to a small extent. Active marketing also became more important in the expanding metal trade.
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- Vingsbo, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Pristance-induced arthritis in rats: a new model for rheumatoid arthritis with a chronic disease course influenced by MHC and non-MHC genes
- 1996
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Ingår i: American Journal of Pathology. - 1525-2191. ; 149:5, s. 1675-1683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a novel animal model for rheumatoid arthritis induced with a well defined synthetic adjuvant oil, pristane. Two weeks after a single intradermal injection of 150 microliters of pristane, the rats developed severe and chronic arthritis. The inflammation was restricted to the joints and involved pannus formation, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, and T lymphocyte infiltration. The initial development as well as the chronic stage of pristane-induced arthritis was ameliorated by treatment with antibodies to the alpha beta-T-cell receptor showing that the disease is T cell dependent. Increased levels of interleukin in serum was seen after pristane injection but not during the chronic stage of arthritis. Joint erosions were accompanied by elevated serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Comparison of MHC congenic LEW strains showed that the severity and chronicity of arthritis varied among the different MHC haplotypes. Rats with RT1f haplotype showed a significantly higher susceptibility to pristane-induced arthritis. A strong influence of non-MHC genes was also suggested by the variability of arthritis susceptibility among different strains with the same MHC haplotype; the most susceptible background was the DA and the least susceptible was the E3. Arthritis induced with a well defined nonimmunogenic adjuvant, with a disease course that closely resembles that of rheumatoid arthritis, makes a suitable animal model for future studies of the pathology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis
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