| 1. |
- Baumert, Nicolai, et al.
(författare)
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Technology-adjusted carbon accounting
- 2022
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Ingår i: Handbook on Trade Policy and Climate Change. - 9781839103230 ; , s. 256-271
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present technology-adjusted consumption-based accounting (TCBA) – a measure of shared responsibility for global greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike in conventional consumption-based accounting (CBA), countries are assigned the emission responsibility for the technology they use to produce their exports. This ensures that national emission responsibilities are not driven by differences in export production technology. If the technology for exports is less (more) carbon-intensive than world average for the relevant product group, the exporters are credited (penalized) for providing the world with these goods. By comparing the evidence on TCBA trends to conventional findings on CBA and production-based accounting (PBA) for the period 2000–2014, the map of emission responsibility is redrawn – albeit not in a way that systematically favors developed or developing countries. Lastly, we discuss how TCBA has been received in academia and among policy makers since its conceptualization.
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| 2. |
- Brolin, John, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental factors in trade during the great transformation : Advancing the geographical coverage before 1950
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Global History. - 1740-0228. ; 15:2, s. 245-267
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the study of trade-embedded environmental factors (land, water, energy, or material flows), three conflicting interpretations prevail concerning what happened before 1950. The 'great specialization' narrative argues that trade served to lighten pressure on the environment by redistributing environmental services from where they were abundant to where they were scarce. The 'great divergence' sees an exploitative transfer from poor countries to rich and powerful ones or an environmental load displacement from rich to poor. The 'great acceleration' dismisses flows as insignificant either way. We review long-term national studies and find an almost exclusive focus on developed countries, mostly European and especially the UK, where more systematic studies tend to support 'specialization' and/or 'acceleration'. By contrast, more qualitative studies on individual exports from developing countries often support 'divergence', but, since imports are excluded by design, this can never be demonstrated. We propose widening the geographical scope of long-term national studies beyond Europe and extending existing studies with bilateral trade, and suggest that 'developing country' trade be quantified according to existing methods of environmental accounting.
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| 3. |
- Brolin, John, et al.
(författare)
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Global trade in the Anthropocene : A review of trends and direction of environmental factor flows during the Great Acceleration
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Anthropocene Review. - : SAGE Publications. - 2053-020X .- 2053-0196. ; 9:1, s. 71-110
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global trade is a neglected topic in debates on the Anthropocene, but plays an implicit role in several suggested definitions of it. Trade’s role in shifting environmental burdens around the globe differed substantially between the Columbian Exchange (1492−1800), the Industrial Revolution (~1800−1950) and the Great Acceleration (post-1950). However, this systematic state-of-the-art review shows that the more than 350 global studies of trade-embedded environmental factors all centre on the Great Acceleration. An underlying concern here is whether environmental factor flows are to the economic and/or environmental benefit of all, a case of the rich exploiting the poor, or merely the inadvertent consequence of differences in environmental efficiency. We point out similarities in the trends and direction of flows between major world regions and between developed and developing countries. Factors such as land, virtual water, HANPP and eutrophying pollutants that are related to the organic economy (or direct biomass flows), primarily flow from regions where population density is low to where it is high, and are only secondarily affected by affluence. Indicators such as energy, airborne pollutant emissions and greenhouse gasses that are related to the mineral economy (fossil fuel, metal and mineral use) tend to flow from developing to developed countries, and are explained either by higher consumption rates or greater environmental efficiency in affluent countries, which has similar consequences for net flows. We weave the shifting trends and directions of flows during the Great Acceleration into a coherent story. Finally, returning to the period before the Great Acceleration, we argue the need for global studies of trade-embedded factor flows before 1950 to test ideas on the character and origins of the Anthropocene, and to accomplish this suggest either geographically extending quantitative long-term national and/or commodity studies, or environmentally extending recently compiled global monetary bilateral trade data for the pre-1950 period.
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| 4. |
- Jakob, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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How trade policy can support the climate agenda
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 376:6600, s. 1401-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic analysis has produced ample insights on how international trade and climate policy interact. Trade presents both opportunities and obstacles, and invites the question of how domestic climate policies can be effective in a global economy integrated through international trade. Particularly problematic is the potential relocation of production to regions with low climate standards. Measures to level the playing field, such as border carbon adjustments (BCAs), may be justified for specific emissions-intensive and trade-exposed sectors but need to be well-targeted, carefully navigating tensions that can arise between the desire to respect global trade rules and the need to elaborate and implement effective national climate policies. The conformity of specific trade measures with international trade and climate change law is not entirely clear. Yet, clarity is needed to ensure that the industry actors affected will find the rules predictable and be able to adhere to them.
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| 5. |
- Jiborn, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Consumption versus Technology: Drivers of Global Carbon Emissions 2000–2014
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study utilizes recently published environmental extensions to the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) to compare production-based, consumption-based and technology-adjusted carbon emissions for 44 countries and country groups for the period 2000 to 2014. Results show some significant shifts in global emission trends compared to similar studies of the period before 2009. For 20 European Union (EU) countries and the US, emissions decreased over the period regardless of measure, and the same was true for the EU. Since GDP grew in 18 of these countries, the results provide unambiguous evidence for absolute, albeit modest, decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions. The large increase in global emissions that nevertheless occurred during the period was driven almost entirely by increasing consumption in China and developing countries.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Energy intensity : the roles of rebound, capital stocks, and trade
- 2020
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Ingår i: A Research Agenda for Environmental Economics. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789900040 - 9781789900057 ; , s. 122-142
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to conventional wisdom, improving energy efficiency is an easy way to mitigate climate change and improve energy security, though the reduction in energy intensity in developed economies is largely due to offshoring energy-intensive production to developing countries. This chapter presents a contrarian view. Theory, historical evidence, and time series analysis suggest that the economy-wide rebound effect is large. Energy efficiency improvements may actually result in no net energy savings, an outcome known as backfire or Jevons’ paradox. Despite this, energy intensity declined over the last two centuries in the US and some other developed economies. So, there is an open question of what has driven this decline in energy intensity. As it is machines, appliances, and structures that actually use energy, the relationship between capital and energy is crucial to understanding how energy intensity evolves. Strong inertia permeates energy systems that have well-established infrastructures on both the supply and demand sides, making it difficult to change course. This inertia seems to be proportional to the scale of the energy system undergoing transition. Future research should investigate how capital stocks affect the pace of change. International trade is another factor affecting energy intensity. When technology differences are accounted for, offshoring of energy use through trade specialization is not as important as commonly believed, and cannot explain much of the decline in energy intensity in developed economies. Recently, however, the export portfolios of some developed countries, with a strong historical record of energy intensive exports, have become less energy intensive, while their imports have become more so. This trend towards outsourcing also calls for more research.
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| 9. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Hur mäta klimatnyttan av svensk export?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fossilfritt Sverige : En antologi om klimatomställningen i praktiken - En antologi om klimatomställningen i praktiken. - 9789187777936 ; , s. 13-24
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
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