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- Meyer, HO, et al.
(författare)
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Observation of a large longitudinal analyzing power in a nuclear reaction
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 480:1-2, s. 7-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have measured the longitudinal analyzing power A(z) of the pp --> pp pi(0) reaction at 375 MeV bombarding energy. We find that for certain angle combinations of the outgoing particles the observed A(z) is as large as 0.3, demonstrating that sizeable lo
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| 4. |
- Knutson, O, et al.
(författare)
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Computer support for second language learners’ free text production: initial studies
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. - 1027-5207.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- writing documents, reviewing process. This paper discusses the role of computer-based language tools for adult writers in the context of second language learning. It presents initial studies of second-language learners who write with the aid of a language tool developed at our department. The studies focus on the revision process in authentic free text production. A method for collecting data from free text production has been developed and explored. In the study, the users seemed to be supported by the language tool, and they followed the advice from program when appropriate feedback was given. The method used seems to be adequate both in pointing out the directions for an extended study, and also in pointing on which parts of the language tool that must be further developed and improved. As a complement to the study of the writers, interviews with teachers have been conducted. There is an overlap between the errors the teachers said were important and the errors the language tools searches for. 1
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- Sörme, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Synthesis of Galectin Inhibitors
- 2003
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Ingår i: Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems, Part B: Specific Applications (Methods in Enzymology; 263). - 0121822664 ; 363, s. 157-169
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Galectins, a lectin family, have shown binding affinities towards b-galactosides. Galectins have been proposed to be involved in a wide range of functions like for example, cell growth, adhesion, migration, chemo taxis and apoptosis. They have also been associated with various cancer types. However, the detailed functions of galectins are still very much unknown. High affinity inhibitors towards the galectins would thus be of value as research tools, as well as possible future pharmaceutical agents. Existing inhibitors have undesirable properties, for example high molecular weight and instability. This thesis concerns the synthesis of small high affinity galectin inhibitors. A previously published X-ray structure of galectin-3 together with LacNAc revealed an extended binding pocket close to 3´-C of the galactoside residue. Filling this pocket with additional chemical entities was hypothesized to allow for further interactions and hence creating higher affinity ligands as compared to the naturally occurring ligand. The hypothesis was probed by substituting the 3´-hydroxyl group on the galactose unit of LacNAc with an amine, which enables the introduction of functional groups under mild reaction conditions. We synthesised a collection of more than 60 LacNAc derivatives with various functional groups at 3´-C of the galactose unit. The measurements of inhibitor potencies towards galectins were made in a novel fluorescence polarisation (FP) assay, which is a solution phase method, as well as a general technique that do not need major re-optimisation to enable the study of other galectins. Hence, it enabled us to study the panel of synthetic inhibitors towards galectin-1, -3 and –4. Selective and high affinity inhibitors were discovered, which is of value as often more than one galectin is present in one and the same system. We found that aromatic amides in particular showed high affinity towards galectin-3. In addition, the X-ray structure of one of the best inhibitors (Kd 0.9 mM) revealed that Arg-144 on galectin-3 had moved 3.5 Å to enable a face-to-face stacking interaction with a 4-methoxy-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido substituent. The best inhibitor synthesised as of yet, carried a 2-naphthamido functionality at 3´of the galactose residue. This inhibitor had a Kd of 0.3 mM, which the strongest binding affinity achieved as compared to any monovalent inhibitor. It shows over 200 times higher affinity towards galectin-3 than the unfunctionalised LacNAc.
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