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| 2. |
- Krali, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Multimodal classification of molecular subtypes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- 2023
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Ingår i: npj Precision Oncology. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-768X. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genomic analyses have redefined the molecular subgrouping of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Molecular subgroups guide risk-stratification and targeted therapies, but outcomes of recently identified subtypes are often unclear, owing to limited cases with comprehensive profiling and cross-protocol studies. We developed a machine learning tool (ALLIUM) for the molecular subclassification of ALL in retrospective cohorts as well as for up-front diagnostics. ALLIUM uses DNA methylation and gene expression data from 1131 Nordic ALL patients to predict 17 ALL subtypes with high accuracy. ALLIUM was used to revise and verify the molecular subtype of 281 B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) cases with previously undefined molecular phenotype, resulting in a single revised subtype for 81.5% of these cases. Our study shows the power of combining DNA methylation and gene expression data for resolving ALL subtypes and provides a comprehensive population-based retrospective cohort study of molecular subtype frequencies in the Nordic countries.
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| 3. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence and climate change : ethical issues
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 21:1, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to pinpoint and analyse ethical issues raised by the dual role of artificial intelligence (AI) in relation to climate change, that is, AI as a contributor to climate change and AI as a contributor to fighting climate change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper consists of three main parts. The first part provides a short background on AI and climate change respectively, followed by a presentation of empirical findings on the contribution of AI to climate change. The second part presents proposals by various AI researchers and commentators on how AI companies may contribute to fighting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from training and use of AI and by providing AI assistance to various mitigation and adaptation measures. The final part investigates ethical issues raised by some of the options presented in the second part.FindingsAI applications may lead to substantial emissions but may also play an important role in mitigation and adaptation. Given this dual role of AI, ethical considerations by AI companies and governments are of vital importance.Practical implicationsThis paper pinpoints practical ethical issues that AI companies and governments should take into account.Social implicationsGiven the potential impact of AI on society, it is vital that AI companies and governments take seriously the ethical issues raised by the dual role of AI in relation to climate change.Originality/valueAI has been the subject of substantial ethical investigation, and even more so has climate change. However, the relationship between AI and climate change has received only limited attention from an ethical perspective. This paper provides such considerations.
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| 4. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Pandemics and the precautionary principle: an analysis taking the Swedish Corona Commission’s report as a point of departure
- 2023
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 26:2, s. 163-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden’s response stood out as an exception. For example, Sweden did not introduce any lockdowns, while many other countries did. In this paper I take the Swedish Corona Commission’s critique of the initial Swedish response as a point of departure for a general analysis of precaution in relation to pandemics. The Commission points out that in contrast to many other countries Sweden did not follow ‘the precautionary principle’. Based on this critique, the Commission proposes that the precautionary principle should be included among Sweden’s guiding principles for crisis management. However, as the debate on this principle during the last 30 years indicates, the principle is loaded with problems. I discuss one of these problems, namely its lack of clarity. I argue, however, that this problem is not unsurmountable. A principle is lacking clarity precisely by being a principle and not a rule with a well-defined meaning. As a principle it indicates a direction but does not prescribe a specific action. However, to be action-guiding its content needs to be specified by rational deliberation. With this in mind, I propose a framework for specification of the precautionary principle as applied to pandemics. The framework focuses on the principle’s four key elements: threat, uncertainty, action and responsibility. I also suggest certain general ethical restrictions on specification.
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| 5. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Pessimism and Optimism in the Debate on Climate Change : A Critical Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 34:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the debate on climate change commentators often express pessimistic or optimistic views. We see this mainly in the media and popular literature, but also in variousacademic felds. The aim of this paper is to investigate diferent kinds of pessimistic and optimistic views put forward in this debate and suggest explanations of thediversity of views. The paper concludes that pessimism and optimism may concern,for example, climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process, mitigation of climate change or specifc measures of mitigation. These aspects are important to distinguish, because a person can be pessimist concerning climate change asan unmitigated or poorly mitigated process and optimist concerning mitigation ofclimate change, and be pessimist concerning one specifc mitigation measure andoptimist concerning another. It is suggested that the diversity of pessimistic andoptimistic views is due to the uncertainty of scientifc climate models and the infuence of evaluative and ideological assumptions.
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| 6. |
- Susanto, Evelyn, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling SHH-driven medulloblastoma with patient iPS cell-derived neural stem cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : NATL ACAD SCIENCES. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 117:33, s. 20127-20138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Here we describe a medulloblastoma model using In-duced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived human neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells generated from a Gorlin syndrome patient carry-ing a germline mutation in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) receptor PTCH1. We found that Gorlin NES cells formed tumors in mouse cerebellum mimicking human medulloblastoma. Retransplantation of tumor-isolated NES (tNES) cells resulted in accelerated tumor formation, cells with reduced growth factor dependency, en-hanced neurosphere formation in vitro, and increased sensitivity to Vismodegib. Using our model, we identified LGALS1 to be a GLI target gene that is up-regulated in both Gorlin tNES cells and SHH-subgroup of medulloblastoma patients. Taken together, we dem-onstrate that NES cells derived from Gorlin patients can be used as a resource to model medulloblastoma initiation and progression and to identify putative targets.
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