| 1. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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A Visualization Study During Flow Boiling of R134a In A Horizontal Microchannel
- 2010
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Ingår i: ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels Collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, ICNMM2010<em><em><em><em><em><em></em></em></em></em></em></em>. - 9780791854501 ; , s. 85-94
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the experimental flow boiling visualization results of a microchannel are presented and discussed. A series of visualization experiments have been conducted in a horizontal, circular, uniformly heated microchannel, to record the two-phase flow patterns evolved during the boiling process and to study the ebullition process. A high speed camera (REDLAKE HG50LE) with a maximum of 100000 fps together with tungsten lights was used to capture the images along the test section. Microchannel was made of circular fused silica tube having an internal diameter of 0.781 mm and a uniformly heated length of 191 mm. Outside of the test tube was coated with a thin, electrically conductive layer of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) for direct heating of the test section. Refrigerant R134a was used as working fluid and experiments were performed at two different system pressures corresponding to saturation temperatures of 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Mass flux was varied from 100 kg/m(2)s to 400 kg/m(2)s and heat flux ranged from 5 kW/m(2) to 45 kW/m(2). Visualization results show that the bubble growth is restricted by the tube diameter which results in very short existence of isolated bubbly flow regime except essentially restricted to a very short length of test tube. Flow patterns observed along the length were: Isolated bubble, elongated bubble, slug flow, semi annular and annular flow. Rigorous boiling and increased coalescence rates were observed with increase in heat flux. Bubble frequency was observed to increase with both heat and mass flux. A comparison with our previous flow boiling visualization studies, carried out for a test tube of 1.33 mm internal diameter, shows that the number of active nucleation sites is less while the bubble frequency is higher for the current study. Mean bubble length and bubble velocity during elongated bubble flow pattern have also been calculated from the images obtained during the tests.
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| 2. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Investigation of Two-phase Pressure Drop in a Microchannel
- 2011
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Ingår i: Heat Transfer Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0145-7632 .- 1521-0537. ; 32:13/14, s. 1126-1138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental results of two-phase pressure drop in a horizontal circular microchannel are reported in this paper. A test tube was made of fused silica having an internal diameter of 781 mu m with a total length of 261 mm and a heated length of 191 mm. The outer surface of the test tube was coated with an electrically conductive thin layer of ITO (indium tin oxide) for direct heating of the test section. Refrigerants R134a and R245fa were used as the working fluids, and mass flux during the experiments was varied between 100 and 650 kg/m(2)-s. Experiments were performed at two different system pressures corresponding to saturation temperatures of 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C for R134a and at three different system pressures corresponding to saturation temperatures of 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 40 degrees C for R245fa. Two-phase frictional pressure drop characteristics with variation of mass flux, vapor fraction, saturation temperature, and heat flux were explored in detail. Finally, the prediction capability of some well-known correlations available in the literature, some developed for macrochannels and others especially developed for microchannels, was assessed.
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| 3. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Minichannel up to Dryout Condition
- 2010
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Ingår i: MNHMT2009, VOL 2. - New York : AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. - 9780791843901 ; , s. 25-34
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper the experimental flow boiling heat transfer results of a minichannel are presented. A series of experiments was conducted to measure the heat transfer coefficients in a minichannel made of stainless steel (AISI 316) having an internal diameter of 1.7mm and a uniformly heated length of 220mm. R134a was used as working fluid and experiments were performed at two different system pressures corresponding to saturation temperatures of 27 degrees C and 32 degrees C. Mass flux was varied from 50 kg/m(2) s to 600 kg/m(2) s and heat flux ranged from 2kW/m(2) to 156 kW/m(2). The test section was heated directly using a DC power supply. The direct heating of the channel ensured uniform heating and heating was continued until dry out was reached. The experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with imposed wall heat flux while mass flux and vapour quality have no considerable effect. Increasing the system pressure slightly enhances the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is reduced as dryout is reached. It is observed that dryout phenomenon is accompanied with fluctuations and a larger standard deviation in outer wall temperatures.
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| 4. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Minichannel up to Dryout Condition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of heat transfer. - : ASME International. - 0022-1481 .- 1528-8943. ; 133:8, s. 081501-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the experimental flow boiling heat transfer results of a minichannel are presented. A series of experiments was conducted to measure the heat transfer coefficients in a minichannel made of stainless steel (AISI 316) having an internal diameter of 1.70 mm and a uniformly heated length of 220 mm. R134a was used as a working fluid, and experiments were performed at two different system pressures corresponding to saturation temperatures of 27 degrees C and 32 degrees C. Mass flux was varied from 50 kg/m(2) s to 600 kg/m(2) s, and heat flux ranged from 2 kW/m(2) to 156 kW/m(2). The test section was heated directly using a dc power supply. The direct heating of the channel ensured uniform heating, which was continued until dryout was reached. The experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with imposed wall heat flux, while mass flux and vapor quality have no considerable effect. Increasing the system pressure slightly enhances the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is reduced as dryout is reached. It is observed that the dryout phenomenon is accompanied with fluctuations and a larger standard deviation in outer wall temperatures.
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| 5. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Of Refrigerants R134a And R245fa In A Horizontal Micro-Channel
- 2012
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Ingår i: Experimental heat transfer. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6152 .- 1521-0480. ; 25:3, s. 181-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Micro-channel-based evaporators are a promising option for high heat flux cooling applications. Micro-channels offer several advantages, including a smaller coolant inventory, superior heat transfer performance, compactness, lightness of weigh. Despite being attractive, the governing phenomena in micro-channels, especially during phase change, are less understood. This article reports the experimental flow boiling heat transfer results of refrigerants R134a and R245fa in a horizontal micro-channel. A series of experiments was conducted to measure the heat transfer coefficients in a circular micro-channel made of fused silica having an internal diameter of 781 mu m and a uniformly heated length of 191 mm. The outer surface of the test tube was coated with a thin, electrically conductive layer of indium-tin-oxide. The surface coating with the electrically conductive layer of indium-tin-oxide made it possible to visualize the flow boiling process simultaneously with uniform heating of the test section. R134a and R245fa were used as working fluids and experiments were performed at a system pressure of 7.7 bar for R134a and at 1.8 bar for R245fa, corresponding to saturation temperature of 30 degrees C. Mass flux was varied from 175 kg/m(2)s to 500 kg/m(2)s, and heat flux ranged from 5 kW/m(2) to 60 kW/m(2). A high-speed camera was used to capture the images in the case of flow boiling of R134a. The experimental results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux while the mass flux proved to have a negligible effect on heat transfer coefficient.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ali, Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Patterns and Flow Pattern Maps for Microchannels
- 2010
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Ingår i: 2010 3rd International Conference on Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies, Theory and Applications - Proceedings, ThETA3 2010. - 9781612842660 ; , s. 33-42
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dense packaging of electronic components generates very high heat fluxes and therefore results in challenges for proper thermal management of such components. Microchannel based evaporators with phase changing liquids are regarded as a promising solution for such high heat flux cooling applications. Due to confinement of flow and differences in the relative importance of governing phenomena, the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of microchannels have been shown to be different from those of conventional sized channels. The fact that microchannel is an attractive cooling option but at the same time there is a clear lack of understanding of related hydrodynamic and thermal transport phenomena which provides an impetus for microchannel research. This paper presents the flow patterns and flow pattern maps obtained for an experimental study of R134a during flow boiling in a horizontal microchannel. The microchannel was a fused silica tube, the outer surface of which was coated with thin, transparent and electrically conductive layer of Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO). The microchannel was 781 m in internal diameter and 191 mm in heated length. Operating parameters during the experiments were: mass flux 100-400 kg/m2 s, heat flux 5-45 kW/m2, saturation temperature 25 and 30 °C. A High speed camera was used with a close up lens to capture the flow patterns evolved along the channel. Flow pattern maps are presented in terms of superficial gas and liquid velocity and in terms of Reynolds number and vapor quality plots. The results are compared with some flow pattern maps for conventional and micro scale channels available in literature.
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| 8. |
- Boije, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Sonic Hedgehog-Signalling Patterns the Developing Chicken Comb as Revealed by Exploration of the Pea-comb Mutation
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:12, s. e50890-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genetic basis and mechanisms behind the morphological variation observed throughout the animal kingdom is stillrelatively unknown. In the present work we have focused on the establishment of the chicken comb-morphology byexploring the Pea-comb mutant. The wild-type single-comb is reduced in size and distorted in the Pea-comb mutant. Peacombis formed by a lateral expansion of the central comb anlage into three ridges and is caused by a mutation in SOX5,which induces ectopic expression of the SOX5 transcription factor in mesenchyme under the developing comb. Analysis ofdifferential gene expression identified decreased Sonic hedgehog (SHH) receptor expression in Pea-comb mesenchyme. Byexperimentally blocking SHH with cyclopamine, the wild-type single-comb was transformed into a Pea-comb-likephenotype. The results show that the patterning of the chicken comb is under the control of SHH and suggest that ectopicSOX5 expression in the Pea-comb change the response of mesenchyme to SHH signalling with altered combmorphogenesis as a result. A role for the mesenchyme during comb morphogenesis is further supported by the recentfinding that another comb-mutant (Rose-comb), is caused by ectopic expression of a transcription factor in combmesenchyme. The present study does not only give knowledge about how the chicken comb is formed, it also adds to ourunderstanding how mutations or genetic polymorphisms may contribute to inherited variations in the human face.
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| 9. |
- Harun-Or-Rashid, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Transactivation of EGF Receptors in Chicken Muller Cells by α2A-Adrenergic Receptors Stimulated by Brimonidine
- 2014
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Ingår i: Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. - : Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). - 0146-0404 .- 1552-5783. ; 55:6, s. 3385-3394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: α2-Adrenergic receptor agonists are used in glaucoma treatment and have been shown to have some neuroprotective effects. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that epidermal growth factor receptors on chicken Müller cells are transactivated by α2-adrenergic receptors and we focused on the extracellular signal-activated kinases 1/2 (ERK) pathway. Methods: Embryonic chicken retina and cultures of primary Müller cells were stimulated by α2-adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine. Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and western blot techniques in combination with Src-, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase-, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors were used for analysis of the cellular responses. Results: Our results showed that Müller cells express α2A-adrenergic receptors in vivo and in vitro and that brimonidine triggered a robust and transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2. This ERK-response was Src-kinase dependent, associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors (phospho-Y1068, Y1173) and was mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-activity on the Müller cells. Conclusions: Müller cells express the α2A-adrenergic receptor and brimonidine triggers both Src-kinase- and matrix metalloproteinase-mediated autocrine ligand-dependent activation of epidermal growth factor receptors on Müller cell. This response is consistent with transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors by stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors.
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| 10. |
- Harun-Or-Rashid, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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α2-Adrenergic receptors are expressed on chicken Müller glia cells and stimulate the MAPkinase pathway in-vivo and in-vitro
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Muller cells are the principle glia cells of the retina that maintain the integrity and function of the retina and are thought to support and protect neurons during various insults. α2-adrenergic receptor agonists have been shown to be neuroprotective and Mu[[unable to display character: ̈]]ller cells are suggested to take part in these effects. The purpose of this project was to study the expression of α2-adrenergic receptors and the effects of α2-adrenergic agonists on Mu[[unable to display character: ̈]]ller cell-activation and to investigate the signaling pathway that mediates this activation. Retina from embryonic day (E) 18 White-Leghorn chicken and primary Mu[[unable to display character: ̈]]ller cell cultures, established from E14 chick retinas were used for expression analysis. We studied immunoreactivity (IR) and mRNA levels of α2A, 2B and 2C adrenergic receptors in Müller cells. Retinas and Müller cell culture were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blot techniques. The results showed that cell soma positive for Müller cell markers, 2M6 and Sox2 in the inner nuclear layer and processes at the outer limiting membrane were positive for α2A receptors. Analysis of primary cultures for IR and mRNA expression confirmed that Müller cells were positive for the α2A receptor. No or very low α2B or α2C expression was detected. Next we analyzed the effect of an α2-adrenergic agonist: Brimonidine (BMD). BMD was tested by injection into E18 chicken eyes or by treatment of the Mu[[unable to display character: ̈]]ller cells in culture. We observed activation of Müller cells after injection of BMD as demonstrated by phospho-ERK1/2 IR in Müller cells with a distinct increase of IR within 2 hours and a gradual decrease to background levels by 24 hours. In-vitro, phospho-ERK1/2 IR was seen already within 5 minutes after BMD addition to the Müller cell culture with peak-levels at 15 minutes and a gradual decrease to pre-exposure levels by 60 minutes. In conclusion, our results show that chick Müller cells mainly expresses α2A adrenergic receptors and that stimulation of the α2-adrenergic receptors triggers the MAPK signaling pathway both in-vivo and in cultured Müller cells in-vitro.
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